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Abstract
We demonstrate an all-optical wavelength conversion (AOWC) scheme based on four wave mixing (FWM) effect in dual-polarization semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) for 56Gbps polarization division multiplexing 16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (PDM-16QAM) signal using parallel dual-pump. The orthogonal dual-polarization SOAs are utilized to improve the optical link capacity in terms of spectrum utilization and bandwidth efficiency. The polarization insensitivity wave signals are obtained at arbitrary polarization angle θ. The wavelength conversion efficiency (CE) is determined by optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR), pump spacing, injection current of SOA and pump power. The results show that the bit error rate (BER) of the converted signal 1’ and signal 2’ is lower than the converted signal 1 and signal 2. Our results can be used in long distance fiber optical communications.
© 2021 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement
1. Introduction
In the last decades, the technology of all-optical wavelength conversion (AOWC) is researched widely [1–8]. AOWC can be exploited to solve a series of requirements in dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) network, such as interoperability, scalability and transparency, and avoided the conflict of wavelength resources [1–3]. R. Pandya et al. proposed AOWC technology to realize the tradeoff between power economy and impairment awareness under the constraint of available network resources [4]. A. Valenti et al. applied AOWC to improve optical network performance in terms of quality of service and guarantee end-to-end quality of service for huge bandwidth services [5]. AOWCs are also proposed to increase the network capacity and relay distance by compensating the fiber nonlinearities in optical phase conjugation networks [6]. The polarization crosstalk in wavelength conversion and multicasting system can be mitigated by AOWC [7]. K. Ishii et al. using AOWC to improve optical network utilization and significantly reduce 60% of the wavelength converters [8]. X. Quan et al. demonstrate a four-wave-mixing based AOWC module applied in elastic optical network. The results show that the spectrum efficiency, blocking probability, switching granularity and conversion resolution can be improved [9]. The mode division multiplexed (MDM) for super channel of AOWC is used to make the wavelength resources in the network more reasonable and improve the network performance [10]. Semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) and high nonlinear fiber (HNLF) are used to realize AOWC technology [11]. X. Zheng et al. used the SOA and commercial Mach Zehnder interferometer to realize AOWC technology [12]. M. Matsuura et al. used the quantum-dot semiconductor optical amplifier to accomplish error-free 320-Gbit/s operation of an AOWC, the C-band tunable operation at a bit rate of 160-Gbit/s is demonstrated [13]. A Sagnac loop reflector with HNLF realized the full-wavelength multicast technique in AOWC is demonstrated [14,15]. Dual HNLFs with variable parameters for 60 Gbps orthogonally modulated signal are used to achieve optimum wavelength conversion performance [16].
There are many methods to realize AOWC technology, such as cross-gain modulation (XGM) [17], cross-phase modulation (XPM) [18], cross-polarization modulation (XPolM) [19] and four-wave mixing (FWM) [20]. FWM based on HNLF and/or SOA is considered to the most promising scheme. The FWM effect has many merits, such as fast response time, wide wavelength-conversion bandwidth, low noise and bit-rate transparency [21–24]. C. Li et al. investigated FWM effect in HNLF using dual-pump to cancel the phase noise with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals of polarization insensitive AOWC, coherent dual-pump are used in AOWC of 557-Gb/s polarization division multiplexing OFDM 8-QAM signal [25]. The quality of high-order QAM signal converted by 64QAM signal based on FWM using HNLF is monitored by constellation diagram [26]. E. C. Magalhães et al. presented wavelength conversion for phase modulated channels based on FWM in SOA, the result shows the best conversion performance at a 4-nm range around the modulated carrier [27]. C. Huang improved the performance of polarization insensitive FWM with two orthogonal pumps adopted Stimulated Brillouin scattering [28]. Y Ding et al. proposed and demonstrated all-optical mode-selective wavelength conversion in a silicon waveguide which relied on strong FWM for pump and signal light at the same spatial mode. Weak FWM is obtained between different modes with phase mismatch [29]. AOWC of various signal based on FWM scheme using single-pump has been studied widely, it applied single-pump is polarization sensitive [30–32]. Polarization insensitive of AOWC can be achieved by the FWM effect using parallel dual-pump or orthogonal dual-pump [33–35]. A. P. Anthur et al. design a polarization insensitive AOWC to achieve advanced modulation formats using SOAs and parallel polarized dual-pump [33]. Polarization multiplexing signal of AOWC is investigated by orthogonal pumps, there is not crosstalk when the converted signal with polarization insensitive separate from the signals with polarization sensitive [34]. H. Rong et al. realized efficient wavelength conversion via four-wave-mixing in silicon-on-isolator p-i-n waveguides [36]. Z. Xu et al. proposed an AOWC method for mode-division multiplexing (MDM) signals with a dual-mode pump in integrated silicon waveguides [37]. D. Vukovic et al. realized dual-polarization quadrature phase-shift keying signals in a polarization diversity circuit by silicon nanowires [38]. X. Feng et al. proposed 40 Gb/s polarization multiplexing (Pol-MUX) quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) signal using FWM in a single silicon waveguide [39]. AOWC technology demonstrated using FWM of polarization-division-multiplexed (PDM) nonreturn-to-zero QPSK signals by angled-polarization pumps in a silicon waveguide [40]. Spectral non-inversion and polarization insensitive of AOWC are studied by co-polarized dual-pump in Ref. 35. In this paper, we demonstrate AOWC scheme for 112Gbps PDM-16QAM signal based on FWM effect of orthogonal dual-polarization SOAs using parallel dual-pump. We use the double signals and double pumps to effectively utilize the bandwidth resources, the converted signals with the high quality. The wavelength competition issue can be solved by two SOAs. This AOWC scheme can achieve high rate conversion with a wide wavelength conversion range.
2. Theoretical analysis
Figure 1 shows the approach to AOWC based on the FWM effect in dual SOAs for 112Gbps PDM-16QAM signal, the dual pumps are applied in this optical communication system. Two waves carrying signal 1 and signal 2 labeled by CW1 and CW2. The beams of pumps are CW3 and CW4. The CW1, CW2, CW3 and CW4 are continue waves. The beams of signal 1, signal 2, pump 1 and pump 2 are linear polarization waves [see Fig. 1(a)]. The polarization angle of pump 1 and pump 2 are 45 degree, the polarization angle θ of signal 1 and signal 2 are arbitrary. The signals and pumps input to optical coupler to generate the collinear beams. Two orthogonal polarization are modulated by polarization beam splitter (PBS). One branch sends to SOA 1, the other branch input to SOA 2. Two branches have the same power. The electrical fields of pump1 and pump 2 can be expressed as [41]:
the electrical fields of signal 1 and signal 2 carrying PDM-16QAM signals can be obtained as:
Fig. 1. The scheme of AOWC in dual SOAs for PDM-16QAM signal. (a)The polarization state of input waves; (b) The converted beams at different frequency. (c)The model of SOA. OC: optical couple, PM-OC: polarization-maintaining optical couple, EDFA: Erbium-doped fiber amplifier, PBS: polarization beam splitter, SOA: semiconductor optical amplifier,PBC:polarization beam combiner.The scheme of AOWC in dual SOAs for PDM-16QAM signal. (a)The polarization state of input waves; (b) The converted beams at different frequency. (c)The model of SOA. OC: optical couple, PM-OC: polarization-maintaining optical couple, EDFA: Erbium-doped fiber amplifier, PBS: polarization beam splitter, SOA: semiconductor optical amplifier, PBC: polarization beam combiner.
Here A1, A2, A3 and A4 are the amplitudes of pump and signal beams, AQAM1 and AQAM2 are the amplitude of PDM-16QAM signals, ω1, ω2, ω3 and ω4, φ1, φ2, φ3 and φ4 are the frequencies and the phase of pump and signal beams, respectively.
Therefore, the field of pump and signal beams though PBS and SOA 1 for x direction can be express as [36]:
Here α is the transmissivity of PBS, Gx1 notes gain of SOA 1 at x direction.
Based on FWM effect, pump 1 and pump 2 become interference and a phase grating is generated. When the signal beam though SOA, the upper and lower sideband are generated by modulating the input field for the third-order nonlinear effect in SOA. The four converted beam with frequency ω1-ω2+ω3, ω1-ω2+ω4, ω2-ω1+ω3 and ω2-ω1+ω4 are obtained. Here the converted wave with frequency ω1-ω2+ω3 is considered, the function at x direction as follows [42]:
Here r1(ω1-ω2-ω3) is the relative conversion efficiency function. The power of the converted wave is ${P_{c1x}}\textrm{ = |}{\overrightarrow E _{c1x}}({\omega _1} - {\omega _2} + {\omega _3},t){\textrm{|}^2}$.
Similarly, the field of pump and signal beams though PBS and SOA 2 for y direction can be expressed as:
Here r2(ω1-ω2-ω3) is the relative conversion efficiency function. The power of the converted wave is ${P_{c1y}}\textrm{ = |}{\overrightarrow E _{c1y}}({\omega _1} - {\omega _2} + {\omega _3},t){\textrm{|}^2}$.
The converted waves with frequency ω1-ω2+ω3 for x and y direction coupled by PBC through filter. The power of the receiver wave is obtained as:
Here α is the transmissivity of PBC. In general, it is assumed that the value of the gain for SOA 1 and SOA 2 and the relative conversion efficiency are equal, respectively. Therefore, the total power of the receiver wave can be expressed as:
Here $R({\omega _1} - {\omega _2} + {\omega _3})\textrm{ = }|{r_1}({\omega _1} - {\omega _2} + {\omega _3}){|^2}\textrm{ = |}{r_2}({\omega _1} - {\omega _2} + {\omega _3}){\textrm{|}^2}$ and $G\textrm{ = }{G_{x1}} = {G_{y2}}$. From Eq. (12), one can see that the total power of the converted wave at frequency ω1-ω2+ω3 is independent of the polarization angle θ for signal wave. We can also obtain the converted waves with frequency ω1-ω2+ω4, ω2-ω1+ω3 and ω2-ω1+ω [see Fig. 1(b)].
The conversion efficiency of SOAs can be expressed as [43]:
Here Pin is the total power of the pump waves. Equations (12) and (13) are the main functions.
3. Simulations and discussions
Figure 2 shows the schematic diagram of AOWC based on the co-polarized dual-pump, the dual-carrier PDM-16QAM signal at a baud rate of 56-Gbaud. PDM-16QAM signal and CW1 (continuous wave, CW) send to MZM 1and MZM 2 (Mach Zehnder modulation, MZM), PDM-16QAM signal and CW2 input to MZM 3 and MZM 4, CW1 and CW2 have the line width less than 10e-7 THz, the output power of 8dBm.
Fig. 2. The setup of AOWC for the 56-Gbaud dual-carrier PDM-16QAM signal. CW: continuous wave, MZM: Mach Zehnder modulation, PBS: polarization beam splitter, DL: delay line, VOA: variable optical attenuator, LO: local oscillator, DSP: digital signal processing. BER: bit error rate
The frequencies of CW1 and CW2 are 193.38THz and 193.43THz, respectively. The signal1 of PDM-16QAM is generated by a polarization beam splitter (PBS), optical delay line (DL) provided a delay of 150 symbols, variable optical attenuator (VOA) and polarization beam combiner (PBC). Because the polarization angle is arbitrary, we use VOA to balance the power of the two branches. The signal 2 is generated by the same system of signal 1. The beams of signal 1 and signal 2 input optical coupler (OC) to be collinear beams, then the beams are amplified by EDFA1(Erbium-doped fiber amplifier, EDFA, the noise figure is 4 dB). The beam of pump 1 at 192.13THz and pump 2 at 192.34THz are combined by a polarization-maintaining optical coupler (PM-OC) to insure the same polarized state at an angle of 45° on the x axis of two pumps. The pump beams with the power of 10dBm amplified by EDFA2 up to 13dBm and the signal beams send to OC [see Fig. 3(a)]. Two branches beam of pumps and signals are generated by PBS. One branch beam at x-polarization direction sends to SOA 1 and the other branch at y-polarization direction send to SOA2. The parameters of SOA 1 and SOA 2 see Table 1. Because of the FWM effect in SOA, the converted beam with frequencies at 193.17THz, 193.22 THz, 193.59 THz and 193.64 THz are combined by PBC [see Fig. 3(b)]. The four converted beams are filtered by the band pass Gaussian filter. The filter with a 3-dB bandwidth of 0.5 nm is used to select the desired sub-channel. An External cavity laser (ECL) with frequency at 193.36THz and line width less than 10e-7 THz is used as Local oscillator (LO) source. The 90-degree mixed signal can be used to realize the polarization diversity and phase diversity coherent detection. The bit error rate (BER) of the signals and constellation diagram can be obtained from the results of the coherent receiver.
Fig. 3. (a) Spectra of the original PDM-16QAM signals and pump signals. (b) Spectrum of the new channels after the SOA performs wavelength conversion.
Table 1. Parameters of the SOAs
Figure 4 shows the conversion efficiency of down conversion for converted signal 1 and up conversion for converted signal 1’. The results of the up conversion signal 2 and the down conversion signal 2’ are similar with converted signal 1 and signal 1’. The converted signals are affected by the power of signal and pump, pump spacing and injection current of SOAs. The power of the probe signal and pump vary from −16 to 16 dBm. The suitable SOA parameters can be used to achieve multi-wavelengths conversion (see Table 1). The frequency of pump 2 is fixed at 193.24THz, the frequency of pump 1 vary from 192.4THz to 193.2THz. The conversion efficiency is determined by Eq. (13). On the nonlinear process of the low frequency response, the conversion efficiency decreases with the wavelength interval increasing. From Fig. 4, one can see the conversion efficiency of wavelength down conversion higher than wavelength up conversion. When the wavelength interval is 0.6THz, the values of the conversion efficiency for wavelength up and conversion are the same. The carrier structure and density of SOA are influenced by the intensity of modulated beams.This results effect the three-order nonlinear process of SOA, the FWM effect is decreased. Therefore, the phase of the converted waves cannot well match each other. The wavelength generate mismatch when the wavelength spacing increase. So the conversion efficiency decrease according to wavelength spacing between pumps. The conversion efficiency of wavelength up and down conversion ranges from −7 dB to −21 dB within the wavelength spacing of 0.6THz.
Fig. 4. The conversion efficiency of down conversion for converted signal1 and up conversion for converted signal1’ versus the wavelength spacing between pumps.
Figure 5 shows the BER of converted signal 1 and signal 1’ versus optical signal to noise rate (OSNR). The signal quality can be applied in AOWC system when the OSNR is larger than 30 dB. From Fig. 5, one can see the BER of converted signals decreasing according to increase the OSNR, the BER achieve to the forward error correction (FEC) threshold when the OSNR is lower than 30 dB. There is an OSNR penalty of 2 dB between the input signal and the converted signal.
Figure 6 shows constellation diagram of converted signal 1’ with different OSNR. From Fig. 6(a), the constellation diagram spreading is slight of modulation signal at A point in Fig. 2. When the modulation beam through SOA 1, the constellation diagram spreading is very strong for OSNR equal to 30 dB, the quality of the signal become worse [see Fig. 6(b)]. The constellation diagram becomes well when the OSNR is larger than 30 dB [see Fig. 6(b)].
Fig. 6. Constellation diagram of converted signal 1’ with different OSNR, (a) modulation signal at A point in Fig. 2, (b) 30 dB, (c) 35 dB.
From Fig. 7, the BER of converted signal 1’ is induced by injection current of SOA. When the injection current is small, the BER is decreasing according to the injection current increasing. The BER is decreasing as the injection current further increasing. This phenomenon can be explained that the FWM effect of SOA disturbed by the injection current. The constellation diagram in the Fig. 7 with different injection current shows the quality of the signal is well.
4. Conclusion
In this paper, a high conversion efficiency AOWC scheme for 112Gbps PDM-16QAM signals based on the dual-pumps scheme is investigated. The scheme of AOWC is polarization insensitivity. The range of the converted spectrum of the light are increased by FWM effect in dual SOAs. The simulation results show the dual SOAs wavelength conversion improve the BER of the converted signal 1 and signal 1’, the BER of signal 1’ is lower than the converted signal 1 at the same OSNR. The performance of the system is optimal when the parameters are chosen with the pump frequency interval at 0.2THz, the OSNR values from 30–45 dB and the injection current at 0.3A. This AOWC scheme are also influenced by the line width of the laser, the polarization angle of SOA and the power of the input signal. Our results can be used in fiber optical communications.
Funding
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2019MA028, ZR2020MA082); Innovation Group of Jinan (2018GXRC010); National Key Research and Development Program of China (2019YFA0705000); National Natural Science Foundation of China (11525418, 11974218, 11974219, 91750201); Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optics and Photonics Devices (K202010); Local science and technology development project of the central government (YDZX20203700001766).
Disclosures
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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