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Theoretical and experimental investigation of broadband cascaded four-wave mixing in high-Q microspheres

Imad H. Agha, Yoshitomo Okawachi, and Alexander L. Gaeta

Open Access Open Access

Abstract

We analyze the process of cascaded four-wave mixing in a high-Q microcavity and show that under conditions of suitable cavity-mode dispersion, broadband frequency combs can be generated. We experimentally demonstrate broadband, cascaded four-wave mixing parametric oscillation in the anomalous group-velocity dispersion regime of a high-Q silica microsphere with an overall bandwidth greater than 200 nm.

©2009 Optical Society of America

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Figures (4)
Fig. 1
Fig. 1 Simulation results for a 150-μm microsphere showing the cascaded FWM peaks in steady state. Inset shows the shape of the FWM peaks, which is asymmetric due to the detuning of the gain from the cavity mode.

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 Experimental demonstration of the thermal frequency shift as a function of coupled pump power. As the laser pump power is increased, the PID controller constantly re-locks the laser near the peak of the microsphere resonance.

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 Setup for cascaded FWM. The switch allows for toggling the laser between frequency locked mode and scanning mode. An external cavity diode laser sent to the silica microsphere via a fiber taper with the output split between an optical spectrum analyzer and a photodiode. The signal on the photodiode allows for frequency locking via a lock-in amplifier.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 Experimental optical spectrum analyzer traces of cascaded FWM in a 250-μm silica microsphere. (a) At 10 mW input, phase-matching occurs near the pump and oscillation occurs. (b) At 30 mW, the peaks cascade to produce 60 nm of bandwidth. (c) For 80 mW of input power, 150 nm of bandwidth is observed, and (d) with a 100-mW input, Raman oscillation occurs, yielding an overall bandwidth 250 nm.

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Equations (3)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

ΔkNL=ks+ki−2kp+2γPp,
g=(γPp)2−(ΔkNL/2)2,
Ec(z=0,t)= R Ein+ιT Ec(z=L,t−1),  
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