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Searching for evidence of optical rectification: optically induced nonlinear photovoltage in a capacitor configuration

Somayeh M. A. Mirzaee and Jean-Michel Nunzi

Open Access Open Access

Abstract

A current challenge in photonics is to design new versatile photodetectors based on optical-rectification-induced photovoltage; these are more attractive than classical photodetectors because they do not rely on band-to-band transitions. Identification of the origin of the photovoltage detected under intense illumination can sometimes be confusing due to the competition between several nonlinear processes. Examples of such processes are optical rectification, multiphoton absorption, and photothermal heating, all of which may result in the detection of DC photovoltage in a capacitor configuration. Herein, differences between the resulting photovoltage from these processes are analyzed and techniques are proposed to distinguish between optical-rectification-induced DC photovoltage and the photovoltage resulting from alternative effects.

© 2018 Optical Society of America

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Figures (6)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Capacitor configuration to detect OR in the nonlinear material.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Measurement setup.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. (a) 3PA photovoltage for three different samples under study. (b) TPA photovoltage for two different samples under study. (c) Polarization dependence of the TPA photovoltage. The points show the experimental data and the solid lines correspond to the 3PA (a), TPA (b), linear and 2 + cos 2 ( 2 α ) models in half-wave-plate (HWP) data, and quarter-wave plate (QWP) data, respectively (c).

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. 14-nm-thick gold film deposited on top of ITO substrate. (a) Optical absorption spectrum. (b) Capacitor configuration incorporating the gold sample. The inset shows a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of an Au thin film.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. Photovoltage measurement showing dependency on the illuminated laser power, with the linear fit denoted as a black line.

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Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. Polarization dependence of the nonlinear signals generated through a 14 nm gold nanostructured thin film on top of an ITO substrate. (a) SHG intensity, (b) THG intensity, (c) OR photovoltage and schematic representation of the measurement configuration.

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Tables (1)

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Table 1. ITO [31] and Gold [32–35] Thermal Coefficients

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Equations (4)

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P i = ϵ 0 ( χ i j ( 1 ) E j + χ i j k ( 2 ) E j E k + χ i j k l ( 3 ) E j E k E l … + χ i j k l m n ( 5 ) E j E k E l E m E n + … ) ,
Δ T ( t ) = 2 ( F 0 K ) ( k π ) 1 2 ( t < t 0 ) , = 2 ( F 0 K ) ( k π ) 1 2 [ t 1 2 − ( t − t 0 ) 1 2 ] ( t > t 0 ) ,
F 0 = ( P in − P out ) / A , P out P i n = exp ( − α X ) ,
P i ( 0 ) = χ i j k z ( 3 ) ( 0 ; ω , ω , DC ) E j ( ω ) E k ( ω ) E z DC ,
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