High energy laser propagation through natural convection of air: a benchmark for validation of numerical simulation

Joseph Fiordilino; Shannon Sweitzer-Siojo; Tam Vo; Joseph Mays; Daniel King

doi:10.1364/JOSAA.520664

Journal of the Optical Society of America A
Vol. 41,
Issue 6,
pp. B116-B126
(2024)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.520664

High energy laser propagation through natural convection of air: a benchmark for validation of numerical simulation

Joseph Fiordilino, Shannon Sweitzer-Siojo, Tam Vo, Joseph Mays, and Daniel King

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Joseph Fiordilino, Shannon Sweitzer-Siojo, Tam Vo, Joseph Mays, and Daniel King, "High energy laser propagation through natural convection of air: a benchmark for validation of numerical simulation," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 41, B116-B126 (2024)

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Abstract

The study of propagation medium effects on lasers continues to be an active area of research. High energy laser (HEL) propagation through planetary atmosphere is particularly nuanced as the beam generates its own flow field and suffers from additional degrading effects. Herein, we construct experimental setups conducive to probing the physics of the laser-atmosphere interaction and generating validation datasets for high fidelity predictive software. Measured and derived parameters are presented, and predictive models are generated utilizing random forest regression.

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Raw and post-processed data underlying the results presented in this paper are available from the authors upon reasonable request.

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Instrument	Measurand	Uncertainty	Acquisition Rate
ADT286	T	0.21°C (RTD), 0.457°C (TC)	2.2–4.6 s (RTD), 1 s (TC)
Vantage Pro2	$T_{w s}$ , $p_{w s}$ , RH	0.3°C, 107 Pa, 2%	60 s
SP932U-WBI	( $x_{c}$ , $y_{c}$ ), ( $D 4 σ_{x}$ , $D 4 σ_{y}$ )	345 nm, 5%	0.01–0.25 s
RPPM	$P_{R P P M}$	1.6%	0.1 s
IPG photodiode	$V_{I P G}$	–	0.1 s

Target Variable	Feature Variables
$P_{t a r g e t}$	$V_{I P G}$ , $T_{w s}$ , $p_{w s}$ , ${R H}_{w s}$ , $T_{A D T 286}$ , $G_{s o u r c e}$ , $D 4 σ_{s o u r c e}$ , $G_{s o u r c e}^{'}$ , $D 4 σ_{s o u r c e}^{'}$
$I_{t a r g e t}$	$V_{I P G}$ , $T_{w s}$ , $p_{w s}$ , ${R H}_{w s}$ , $T_{A D T 286}$ , $G_{s o u r c e}^{'}$ , $D 4 σ_{s o u r c e}^{'}$
$G_{t a r g e t}^{'}$	$V_{I P G}$ , $T_{w s}$ , $p_{w s}$ , ${R H}_{w s}$ , $T_{A D T 286}$
$D 4 {σ^{'}}_{t a r g e t}$	$V_{I P G}$ , $T_{w s}$ , $p_{w s}$ , ${R H}_{w s}$ , $T_{A D T 286}$

Y	MAE	RMSE	OOBE	Feature Importance
$P_{t a r g e t}$	0.0248 kW	0.187 kW	0.0007	$V_{I P G} (0.47)$ , $D 4 σ (0.39)$ , $T_{A D T 286} (0.08)$
$I_{t a r g e t}$	$0.0102 {k W / c m}^{2}$	$0.060 {k W / c m}^{2}$	0.0005	$V_{I P G} (0.61)$ , $T_{A D T 286} (0.25)$
$G_{t a r g e t}^{'}$	0.00042 cm	0.007 cm	0.0457	$T_{A D T 286, R T D} (0.32)$ , $T_{A D T 286, T C} (0.46)$ , $V_{I P G} (0.03)$
$D 4 {σ^{'}}_{t a r g e t}$	0.0012 cm	0.002 cm	0.0435	$T_{A D T 286} (0.85)$ , $V_{I P G} (0.07)$

$T_{1, 0} /^{\circ} C$	$R a / 10^{6}$	$P / k W$	$I_{s o u r c e} / ({k W / c m}^{2})$	$I_{t a r g e t} / ({k W / c m}^{2})$	$G_{s o u r c e}^{'} / µ m$	$G_{t a r g e t}^{'} / µ m$	$D 4 σ_{s o u r c e} / c m$	$D 4 σ_{t a r g e t} / c m$
21	1.44	1.07	0.365 (0.001)	0.362 (0.001)	10.80	17.41	2.708 (0.003)	2.72 (0.003)
41	15.2	0.97	0.331 (0.001)	0.328 (0.001)	12.67	29.39	2.718 (0.003)	2.73 (0.006)
61	28.2	1.01	0.344 (0.001)	0.341 (0.003)	12.37	50.95	2.723 (0.003)	2.74 (0.011)
21	1.42	1.89	0.648 (0.002)	0.643 (0.002)	16.86	28.18	2.705 (0.004)	2.72 (0.005)
41	14.9	1.73	0.588 (0.002)	0.586 (0.003)	18.02	37.69	2.717 (0.004)	2.72 (0.007)
61	28.2	1.94	0.663 (0.002)	0.658 (0.005)	18.79	55.33	2.707 (0.005)	2.72 (0.011)
21	1.37	2.87	0.989 (0.004)	0.985 (0.005)	21.19	35.79	2.698 (0.005)	2.71 (0.007)
41	14.8	2.86	0.987 (0.004)	0.982 (0.006)	23.95	45.34	2.700 (0.005)	2.71 (0.009)
61	28.4	2.88	0.989 (0.004)	0.988 (0.009)	24.62	62.51	2.700 (0.005)	2.70 (0.012)
21	1.37	4.19	1.472 (0.014)	1.468 (0.011)	50.65	52.69	2.677 (0.019)	2.68 (0.010)
41	14.6	4.67	1.647 (0.009)	1.643 (0.015)	33.55	62.10	2.678 (0.007)	2.68 (0.012)
61	28.5	4.76	1.679 (0.008)	1.677 (0.017)	34.94	78.37	2.679 (0.007)	2.68 (0.014)
21	1.29	6.66	2.371 (0.015)	2.379 (0.023)	37.45	62.79	2.662 (0.009)	2.66 (0.013)
41	14.9	6.56	2.325 (0.016)	2.338 (0.026)	39.66	69.45	2.663 (0.009)	2.66 (0.015)
61	28.6	6.73	2.402 (0.015)	2.424 (0.028)	38.99	78.86	2.665 (0.008)	2.65 (0.016)
21	1.23	9.62	3.437 (0.023)	3.469 (0.036)	71.22	54.63	2.644 (0.009)	2.63 (0.014)
41	14.4	9.48	3.422 (0.026)	3.465 (0.045)	37.97	66.53	2.646 (0.011)	2.63 (0.018)
61	28.6	9.57	3.455 (0.022)	3.506 (0.046)	40.60	78.92	2.645 (0.009)	2.63 (0.018)
21	1.13	12.55	4.529 (0.030)	4.576 (0.053)	30.85	50.16	2.632 (0.009)	2.62 (0.016)
41	14.3	12.57	4.591 (0.030)	4.640 (0.063)	34.48	61.97	2.635 (0.009)	2.59 (0.022)
61	28.6	12.55	4.564 (0.031)	4.649 (0.069)	72.31	73.58	2.626 (0.009)	2.60 (0.020)
21	0.998	15.32	5.634 (0.065)	5.757 (0.075)	27.74	46.90	2.622 (0.025)	2.59 (0.017)
41	14.1	15.42	5.664 (0.041)	5.810 (0.094)	26.27	50.17	2.619 (0.010)	2.58 (0.019)
61	28.7	15.46	5.705 (0.044)	5.864 (0.105)	28.03	62.03	2.614 (0.011)	2.58 (0.024)
21	0.953	17.24	6.277 (0.061)	6.411 (0.089)	22.02	33.35	2.620 (0.020)	2.59 (0.019)
41	14.2	17.27	6.341 (0.037)	6.516 (0.092)	20.98	40.64	2.613 (0.008)	2.57 (0.019)
61	28.6	17.44	6.434 (0.043)	6.638 (0.110)	24.65	60.77	2.609 (0.009)	2.57 (0.022)
21	0.749	18.23	6.663 (0.091)	6.778 (0.096)	25.88	43.77	2.618 (0.032)	2.60 (0.019)
41	14.0	18.24	6.736 (0.080)	6.943 (0.101)	42.53	42.69	2.612 (0.025)	2.58 (0.019)
61	28.4	18.40	6.762 (0.045)	6.966 (0.123)	23.37	61.39	2.607 (0.009)	2.57 (0.024)
21	0.572	19.35	7.091 (0.042)	7.200 (0.099)	19.60	29.47	2.614 (0.008)	2.60 (0.018)
41	14.0	19.24	7.059 (0.040)	7.232 (0.105)	20.80	38.48	2.610 (0.008)	2.73 (0.007)
61	28.1	19.27	7.071 (0.042)	7.290 (0.125)	20.90	52.66	2.609 (0.008)	2.57 (0.023)

									$k (\bar{T_{1, 3}}) /$
$T_{1, 0} /^{\circ} C$	$R a / 10^{6}$	$P / k W$	$T_{1, 1} /^{\circ} C$	$T_{1, 2} /^{\circ} C$	$T_{1, 3} /^{\circ} C$	$T_{1, 4} /^{\circ} C$	$n_{o} (\bar{T_{1, 3}}) / 10^{- 3}$	$μ (\bar{T_{1, 3}}) / µ P a s$	$(m W / m K)$
21	1.44	1.07	19.87 (0.0182)	19.74 (0.0133)	19.82 (0.0141)	19.88 (0.0207)	2.660	18.14	25.70
41	15.2	0.97	23.25 (0.1161)	22.70 (0.0981)	21.43 (0.0053)	21.63 (0.0226)	2.645	18.22	25.83
61	28.2	1.01	24.23 (0.2741)	22.16 (0.1055)	22.77 (0.1172)	22.30 (0.0794)	2.627	18.31	25.99
21	1.42	1.89	19.94 (0.0200)	19.76 (0.0145)	19.91 (0.0083)	20.02 (0.0152)	2.659	18.15	25.71
41	14.9	1.73	23.02 (0.0999)	22.55 (0.0978)	21.42 (0.0080)	21.56 (0.0124)	2.645	18.22	25.83
61	28.2	1.94	23.94 (0.1913)	22.22 (0.1031)	22.64 (0.0526)	22.24 (0.0810)	2.628	18.28	25.93
21	1.37	2.87	20.23 (0.0207)	20.08 (0.0150)	19.96 (0.0108)	20.10 (0.0154)	2.659	18.15	25.71
41	14.8	2.86	22.86 (0.1074)	22.38 (0.0703)	21.37 (0.0191)	21.54 (0.0219)	2.645	18.22	25.82
61	28.4	2.88	124.37 (0.2538)	22.62 (0.1781)	22.71 (0.0865)	22.08 (0.0678)	2.628	18.28	25.92
21	1.37	4.19	20.31 (0.0239)	20.16 (0.0212)	19.95 (0.0112)	20.16 (0.0162)	2.658	18.15	25.71
41	14.6	4.67	22.62 (0.1523)	22.27 (0.1449)	21.38 (0.0292)	21.53 (0.0298)	2.645	18.22	25.82
61	28.5	4.76	24.89 (0.1709)	23.18 (0.1662)	21.85 (0.0420)	21.87 (0.0442)	2.632	18.25	25.88
21	1.29	6.66	20.37 (0.0270)	20.23 (0.0205)	20.03 (0.0207)	20.25 (0.0223)	2.658	18.15	25.72
41	14.9	6.56	22.74 (0.0738)	22.39 (0.0989)	21.35 (0.0076)	21.55 (0.0234)	2.645	18.21	25.82
61	28.6	6.73	24.88 (0.1526)	24.00 (0.3012)	21.85 (0.0859)	21.77 (0.0714)	2.634	18.24	25.86
21	1.23	9.62	20.59 (0.0402)	20.42 (0.0234)	20.23 (0.0259)	20.480 (0.0336)	2.656	18.16	25.73
41	14.4	9.48	22.91 (0.0893)	22.50 (0.0768)	21.43 (0.0283)	21.67 (0.0335)	2.644	18.22	25.83
61	28.6	9.57	25.30 (0.1903)	24.35 (0.2220)	21.98 (0.0368)	21.96 (0.0223)	2.632	18.24	25.87
21	1.13	12.55	20.89 (0.0445)	20.72 (0.0271)	20.56 (0.0233)	20.80 (0.0327)	2.653	18.18	25.76
41	14.3	12.57	22.67 (0.0740)	22.37 (0.0653)	21.49 (0.0349)	21.67 (0.0353)	2.643	18.22	25.83
61	28.6	12.55	25.29 (0.1989)	24.33 (0.2508)	22.02 (0.0343)	22.05 (0.0322)	2.632	18.25	25.88
21	0.998	15.32	21.19 (0.0610)	21.01 (0.0411)	20.83 (0.0393)	21.11 (0.0474)	2.650	18.19	25.78
41	14.1	15.42	23.11 (0.1284)	22.68 (0.1065)	21.62 (0.0374)	21.82 (0.0391)	2.642	18.23	25.84
61	28.7	15.46	25.70 (0.2710)	24.34 (0.2319)	22.20 (0.0107)	22.34 (0.0453)	2.630	18.25	25.89
21	0.953	17.24	21.42 (0.0682)	21.21 (0.0414)	21.02 (0.0383)	21.32 (0.0459)	2.648	18.20	25.80
41	14.2	17.27	23.16 (0.1217)	22.67 (0.0741)	21.81 (0.0491)	22.07 (0.0502)	2.641	18.24	25.86
61	28.6	17.44	26.42 (0.2695)	25.39 (0.2072)	22.47 (0.0271)	22.51 (0.0627)	2.628	18.27	25.91
21	0.749	18.23	21.82 (0.0642)	21.60 (0.0411)	21.46 (0.0408)	21.75 (0.0472)	2.644	18.22	25.83
41	14.0	18.24	23.95 (0.1004)	23.43 (0.1139)	22.09 (0.0336)	22.37 (0.0455)	2.638	18.25	25.88
61	28.4	18.40	25.97 (0.2758)	24.84 (0.1863)	22.81 (0.0525)	22.87 (0.0521)	2.625	18.28	25.94
21	0.572	19.35	22.17 (0.0591)	21.95 (0.0396)	21.82 (0.0407)	21.15 (0.0462)	2.641	18.24	25.86
41	14.0	19.24	24.27 (0.0987)	23.39 (0.0907)	22.41 (0.0543)	22.69 (0.0571)	2.635	18.27	25.91
61	28.1	19.27	26.41 (0.2339)	25.51 (0.2258)	23.01 (0.0240)	23.13 (0.0455)	2.623	18.29	25.95

Relative % Difference	$Δ T_{11} / %$	$Δ T_{12} / %$	$Δ T_{13} / %$	$Δ T_{14} / %$	$Δ T_{21} / %$	$Δ T_{22} / %$	$Δ T_{23} / %$	$Δ T_{24} / %$	$Δ T_{31} / %$	$Δ T_{32} / %$	$Δ T_{33} / %$	$Δ T_{34} / %$
Mean	−1.30	−0.65	−4.17	−3.43	0.57	0.87	1.73	−0.60	1.88	1.27	0.45	0.42
Standard deviation	3.27	2.75	2.60	3.43	1.52	1.59	2.72	1.93	1.57	0.98	2.30	2.05
absolute Maximum	12.10	10.23	13.15	15.79	7.09	8.42	10.93	7.37	9.88	5.60	7.70	6.43

Abstract

Data availability

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Figures (5)

Tables (6)

Equations (18)

Journal of the Optical Society of America A