Color specifications for the official glass color standards of the U. S. Department of Agriculture for extracted honey, maple sirup, sugarcane sirup, and sugarcane molasses are presented. These standards are used for rapid classification of samples according to chromaticity. The chromaticities of the standards are widely and irregularly spaced along the sugar products locus on the CIE chromaticity diagram. Continuous single-number scales for color used in the sugar industry are based either on absorption measurements at specified wavelengths or on small-difference colorimetry. The uniform color scale of “NBS units of sugar color,” proposed by Deitz and based on the Adams color-difference formula, is useful as presently formulated only for the lighter colors. In the present paper a greatly extended scale of uniform chromaticity, based on MacAdam’s data, is presented for application to solutions of sugar products. Loci of points on the CIE diagram differing from the achromatic point by 5, 10, 15, ⋯, 220 units of chromaticity difference are established, and their intersections with an average locus of sugar products are determined. Forty-five glass color standards having chromaticities close to these intersections and thus spaced 5 units apart on the scale are described. The number of MacAdam units of sugar chromaticity, ΔS, for a given sample can be estimated by three methods: by interpolation between the aforementioned loci on the CIE diagram, if the chromaticity coordinates of the sample are known; by visual comparison with the 45 glass standards of known ΔS; and by measuring absorbancy of the sample at 420, 560, or 720 mμ and referring to graphs relating absorbancy to ΔS, if turbidity is negligible.
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Chromaticity coordinates of points, along lines of constant dominant wavelength, differing from the achromatic point by 5, 10, 15, ⋯ MacAdam units of chromaticity difference, ΔS.
ΔS
570 mμ
572.5 mμ
575 mμ
577.5 mμ
580 mμ
585 mμ
590 mμ
595 mμ
600 mμ
605 mμ
610 mμ
620 mμ
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
0
0.3101
0.3163
0.3101
0.3163
0.3101
0.3163
0.3101
0.3163
0.3101
0.3163
0.3101
0.3163
0.3101
0.3163
0.3101
0.3163
0.3101
0.3163
0.3101
0.3163
0.3101
0.3163
0.3101
0.3163
5
0.3154
0.3257
0.3162
0.3252
0.3167
0.3243
0.3169
0.3231
0.3169
0.3220
0.3164
0.3200
0.3159
0.3187
0.3156
0.3178
0.3153
0.3172
0.3151
0.3168
0.3150
0.3165
0.3148
0.3162
10
0.3207
0.3351
0.3225
0.3344
0.3235
0.3325
0.3239
0.3302
0.3238
0.3278
0.3229
0.3238
0.3219
0.3211
0.3212
0.3193
0.3206
0.3181
0.3202
0.3173
0.3200
0.3167
0.3196
0.3161
15
0.3265
0.3454
0.3293
0.3443
0.3309
0.3414
0.3314
0.3378
0.3312
0.3340
0.3297
0.3278
0.3280
0.3236
0.3269
0.3209
0.3260
0.3191
0.3254
0.3178
0.3250
0.3169
0.3244
0.3160
20
0.3326
0.3563
0.3363
0.3545
0.3388
0.3509
0.3395
0.3460
0.3391
0.3406
0.3369
0.3320
0.3344
0.3262
0.3328
0.3225
0.3316
0.3201
0.3307
0.3183
0.3301
0.3172
0.3293
0.3159
25
0.3391
0.3679
0.3437
0.3653
0.3469
0.3607
0.3479
0.3545
0.3474
0.3476
0.3445
0.3365
0.3412
0.3290
0.3390
0.3242
0.3374
0.3211
0.3362
0.3189
0.3354
0.3175
0.3343
0.3158
30
0.3462
0.3805
0.3518
0.3771
0.3556
0.3712
0.3569
0.3636
0.3563
0.3551
0.3526
0.3413
0.3484
0.3319
0.3455
0.3260
0.3435
0.3222
0.3419
0.3195
0.3409
0.3178
0.3395
0.3157
35
0.3540
0.3944
0.3607
0.3901
0.3651
0.3827
0.3666
0.3734
0.3659
0.3632
0.3613
0.3464
0.3561
0.3350
0.3524
0.3279
0.3498
0.3233
0.3479
0.3201
0.3466
0.3181
0.3449
0.3156
40
0.3626
0.4097
0.3703
0.4041
0.3754
0.3951
0.3771
0.3840
0.3762
0.3719
0.3706
0.3519
0.3644
0.3384
0.3597
0.3298
0.3565
0.3245
0.3542
0.3208
0.3526
0.3184
0.3505
0.3155
45
0.3715
0.4255
0.3799
0.4181
0.3859
0.4078
0.3878
0.3948
0.3872
0.3812
0.3804
0.3577
0.3731
0.3419
0.3675
0.3319
0.3636
0.3258
0.3608
0.3215
0.3589
0.3187
0.3563
0.3154
50
0.3799
0.4404
0.3889
0.4312
0.3959
0.4199
0.3983
0.4054
0.3984
0.3906
0.3908
0.3638
0.3822
0.3456
0.3757
0.3341
0.3710
0.3271
0.3678
0.3222
0.3654
0.3190
0.3624
0.3153
55
0.3877
0.4543
0.3972
0.4433
0.4049
0.4308
0.4083
0.4155
0.4094
0.3999
0.4014
0.3700
0.3918
0.3495
0.3842
0.3364
0.3787
0.3285
0.3750
0.3229
0.3722
0.3193
0.3688
0.3152
60
0.3951
0.4675
0.4050
0.4547
0.4133
0.4410
0.4175
0.4248
0.4197
0.4086
0.4120
0.3762
0.4018
0.3536
0.3930
0.3388
0.3867
0.3299
0.3825
0.3237
0.3793
0.3197
0.3754
0.3151
65
0.4022
0.4801
0.4124
0.4655
0.4212
0.4505
0.4261
0.4335
0.4293
0.4167
0.4225
0.3823
0.4119
0.3577
0.4022
0.3413
0.3950
0.3314
0.3903
0.3245
0.3866
0.3201
0.3822
0.3150
70
0.4091
0.4924
0.4195
0.4759
0.4287
0.4596
0.4343
0.4418
0.4383
0.4243
0.4328
0.3884
0.4221
0.3619
0.4116
0.3439
0.4036
0.3329
0.3984
0.3253
0.3941
0.3205
0.3892
0.3149
75
0.4157
0.5041
0.4264
0.4860
0.4359
0.4683
0.4421
0.4497
0.4469
0.4315
0.4429
0.3943
0.4324
0.3661
0.4212
0.3465
0.4125
0.3345
0.4067
0.3262
0.4019
0.3209
0.3964
0.3147
80
0.4222
0.5157
0.4331
0.4958
0.4429
0.4768
0.4497
0.4574
0.4552
0.4385
0.4528
0.4001
0.4428
0.3703
0.4310
0.3492
0.4216
0.3361
0.4152
0.3271
0.4099
0.3213
0.4038
0.3145
85
0.4286
0.5271
0.4397
0.5054
0.4497
0.4850
0.4570
0.4648
0.4631
0.4451
0.4625
0.4058
0.4532
0.3745
0.4410
0.3519
0.4309
0.3377
0.4239
0.3280
0.4181
0.3217
0.4114
0.3143
90
0.4349
0.5383
0.4461
0.5147
0.4563
0.4930
0.4641
0.4720
0.4708
0.4516
0.4720
0.4114
0.4636
0.3787
0.4513
0.3547
0.4404
0.3394
0.4328
0.3289
0.4265
0.3221
0.4191
0.3141
95
0.4411
0.5493
0.4524
0.5239
0.4628
0.5009
0.4710
0.4790
0.4783
0.4579
0.4812
0.4168
0.4739
0.3829
0.4618
0.3576
0.4502
0.3411
0.4420
0.3299
0.4350
0.3225
0.4270
0.3139
100
0.4472
0.5602
0.4587
0.5331
0.4692
0.5086
0.4778
0.4858
0.4856
0.4640
0.4902
0.4221
0.4842
0.3871
0.4725
0.3605
0.4602
0.3429
0.4514
0.3309
0.4437
0.3229
0.4350
0.3137
105
0.4533
0.5711
0.4650
0.5423
0.4756
0.5163
0.4845
0.4925
0.4927
0.4700
0.4989
0.4272
0.4943
0.3912
0.4834
0.3635
0.4704
0.3447
0.4610
0.3319
0.4526
0.3233
0.4432
0.3135
110
0.4819
0.5239
0.4911
0.4991
0.4997
0.4759
0.5075
0.4323
0.5043
0.3953
0.4943
0.3665
0.4809
0.3466
0.4708
0.3329
0.4617
0.3238
0.4516
0.3133
115
0.4976
0.5056
0.5066
0.4817
0.5159
0.4372
0.5141
0.3993
0.5052
0.3695
0.4916
0.3485
0.4809
0.3339
0.4710
0.3243
0.4601
0.3131
120
0.5040
0.5120
0.5134
0.4874
0.5241
0.4420
0.5238
0.4032
0.5162
0.3725
0.5025
0.3504
0.4912
0.3350
0.4806
0.3248
0.4685
0.3129
125
0.5322
0.4468
0.5334
0.4071
0.5271
0.3755
0.5137
0.3524
0.5018
0.3361
0.4904
0.3253
0.4777
0.3127
130
0.5401
0.4515
0.5429
0.4110
0.5379
0.3785
0.5251
0.3544
0.5126
0.3372
0.5004
0.3258
0.4867
0.3125
135
0.5479
0.4561
0.5523
0.4148
0.5486
0.3814
0.5366
0.3564
0.5237
0.3384
0.5106
0.3263
0.4959
0.3123
140
0.5556
0.4606
0.5615
0.4185
0.5592
0.3843
0.5481
0.3584
0.5350
0.3396
0.5210
0.3268
0.5053
0.3121
145
0.5706
0.4222
0.5698
0.3872
0.5596
0.3604
0.5466
0.3408
0.5317
0.3273
0.5149
0.3119
150
0.5796
0.4259
0.5803
0.3901
0.5711
0.3624
0.5584
0.3420
0.5427
0.3278
0.5247
0.3117
155
0.5885
0.4295
0.5907
0.3930
0.5825
0.3644
0.5704
0.3432
0.5539
0.3284
0.5347
0.3115
160
0.6010
0.3958
0.5939
0.3664
0.5825
0.3445
0.5655
0.3290
0.5450
0.3113
165
0.6111
0.3986
0.6052
0.3684
0.5947
0.3458
0.5773
0.3296
0.5555
0.3111
170
0.6211
0.4013
0.6165
0.3704
0.6069
0.3471
0.5893
0.3302
0.5663
0.3109
175
0.6310
0.4040
0.6276
0.3724
0.6192
0.3484
0.6014
0.3308
0.5774
0.3107
180
0.6386
0.3744
0.6314
0.3497
0.6135
0.3314
0.5887
0.3105
185
0.6435
0.3510
0.6257
0.3320
0.6002
0.3103
190
0.6555
0.3522
0.6380
0.3326
0.6119
0.3101
195
0.6503
0.3332
0.6238
0.3098
200
0.6626
0.3338
0.6358
0.3095
205
0.6749
0.3344
0.6479
0.3092
210
0.6601
0.3089
215
0.6724
0.3086
220
0.6848
0.3083
Table III
Intersections of MacAdam 5× loci with average sugar products locus. Description of glass standards with chromaticity coordinates near the intersections.
See Table I.
Thickness of smoke component, type (7).
Cherry component only, type (6).
Table IV
Comparison of NBS units of sugar color, ΔENBS, with MacAdam units of sugar chromaticity, ΔS. Comparisons are valid only for the lighter colors above the spacing.
Chromaticity coordinates of points, along lines of constant dominant wavelength, differing from the achromatic point by 5, 10, 15, ⋯ MacAdam units of chromaticity difference, ΔS.
ΔS
570 mμ
572.5 mμ
575 mμ
577.5 mμ
580 mμ
585 mμ
590 mμ
595 mμ
600 mμ
605 mμ
610 mμ
620 mμ
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
0
0.3101
0.3163
0.3101
0.3163
0.3101
0.3163
0.3101
0.3163
0.3101
0.3163
0.3101
0.3163
0.3101
0.3163
0.3101
0.3163
0.3101
0.3163
0.3101
0.3163
0.3101
0.3163
0.3101
0.3163
5
0.3154
0.3257
0.3162
0.3252
0.3167
0.3243
0.3169
0.3231
0.3169
0.3220
0.3164
0.3200
0.3159
0.3187
0.3156
0.3178
0.3153
0.3172
0.3151
0.3168
0.3150
0.3165
0.3148
0.3162
10
0.3207
0.3351
0.3225
0.3344
0.3235
0.3325
0.3239
0.3302
0.3238
0.3278
0.3229
0.3238
0.3219
0.3211
0.3212
0.3193
0.3206
0.3181
0.3202
0.3173
0.3200
0.3167
0.3196
0.3161
15
0.3265
0.3454
0.3293
0.3443
0.3309
0.3414
0.3314
0.3378
0.3312
0.3340
0.3297
0.3278
0.3280
0.3236
0.3269
0.3209
0.3260
0.3191
0.3254
0.3178
0.3250
0.3169
0.3244
0.3160
20
0.3326
0.3563
0.3363
0.3545
0.3388
0.3509
0.3395
0.3460
0.3391
0.3406
0.3369
0.3320
0.3344
0.3262
0.3328
0.3225
0.3316
0.3201
0.3307
0.3183
0.3301
0.3172
0.3293
0.3159
25
0.3391
0.3679
0.3437
0.3653
0.3469
0.3607
0.3479
0.3545
0.3474
0.3476
0.3445
0.3365
0.3412
0.3290
0.3390
0.3242
0.3374
0.3211
0.3362
0.3189
0.3354
0.3175
0.3343
0.3158
30
0.3462
0.3805
0.3518
0.3771
0.3556
0.3712
0.3569
0.3636
0.3563
0.3551
0.3526
0.3413
0.3484
0.3319
0.3455
0.3260
0.3435
0.3222
0.3419
0.3195
0.3409
0.3178
0.3395
0.3157
35
0.3540
0.3944
0.3607
0.3901
0.3651
0.3827
0.3666
0.3734
0.3659
0.3632
0.3613
0.3464
0.3561
0.3350
0.3524
0.3279
0.3498
0.3233
0.3479
0.3201
0.3466
0.3181
0.3449
0.3156
40
0.3626
0.4097
0.3703
0.4041
0.3754
0.3951
0.3771
0.3840
0.3762
0.3719
0.3706
0.3519
0.3644
0.3384
0.3597
0.3298
0.3565
0.3245
0.3542
0.3208
0.3526
0.3184
0.3505
0.3155
45
0.3715
0.4255
0.3799
0.4181
0.3859
0.4078
0.3878
0.3948
0.3872
0.3812
0.3804
0.3577
0.3731
0.3419
0.3675
0.3319
0.3636
0.3258
0.3608
0.3215
0.3589
0.3187
0.3563
0.3154
50
0.3799
0.4404
0.3889
0.4312
0.3959
0.4199
0.3983
0.4054
0.3984
0.3906
0.3908
0.3638
0.3822
0.3456
0.3757
0.3341
0.3710
0.3271
0.3678
0.3222
0.3654
0.3190
0.3624
0.3153
55
0.3877
0.4543
0.3972
0.4433
0.4049
0.4308
0.4083
0.4155
0.4094
0.3999
0.4014
0.3700
0.3918
0.3495
0.3842
0.3364
0.3787
0.3285
0.3750
0.3229
0.3722
0.3193
0.3688
0.3152
60
0.3951
0.4675
0.4050
0.4547
0.4133
0.4410
0.4175
0.4248
0.4197
0.4086
0.4120
0.3762
0.4018
0.3536
0.3930
0.3388
0.3867
0.3299
0.3825
0.3237
0.3793
0.3197
0.3754
0.3151
65
0.4022
0.4801
0.4124
0.4655
0.4212
0.4505
0.4261
0.4335
0.4293
0.4167
0.4225
0.3823
0.4119
0.3577
0.4022
0.3413
0.3950
0.3314
0.3903
0.3245
0.3866
0.3201
0.3822
0.3150
70
0.4091
0.4924
0.4195
0.4759
0.4287
0.4596
0.4343
0.4418
0.4383
0.4243
0.4328
0.3884
0.4221
0.3619
0.4116
0.3439
0.4036
0.3329
0.3984
0.3253
0.3941
0.3205
0.3892
0.3149
75
0.4157
0.5041
0.4264
0.4860
0.4359
0.4683
0.4421
0.4497
0.4469
0.4315
0.4429
0.3943
0.4324
0.3661
0.4212
0.3465
0.4125
0.3345
0.4067
0.3262
0.4019
0.3209
0.3964
0.3147
80
0.4222
0.5157
0.4331
0.4958
0.4429
0.4768
0.4497
0.4574
0.4552
0.4385
0.4528
0.4001
0.4428
0.3703
0.4310
0.3492
0.4216
0.3361
0.4152
0.3271
0.4099
0.3213
0.4038
0.3145
85
0.4286
0.5271
0.4397
0.5054
0.4497
0.4850
0.4570
0.4648
0.4631
0.4451
0.4625
0.4058
0.4532
0.3745
0.4410
0.3519
0.4309
0.3377
0.4239
0.3280
0.4181
0.3217
0.4114
0.3143
90
0.4349
0.5383
0.4461
0.5147
0.4563
0.4930
0.4641
0.4720
0.4708
0.4516
0.4720
0.4114
0.4636
0.3787
0.4513
0.3547
0.4404
0.3394
0.4328
0.3289
0.4265
0.3221
0.4191
0.3141
95
0.4411
0.5493
0.4524
0.5239
0.4628
0.5009
0.4710
0.4790
0.4783
0.4579
0.4812
0.4168
0.4739
0.3829
0.4618
0.3576
0.4502
0.3411
0.4420
0.3299
0.4350
0.3225
0.4270
0.3139
100
0.4472
0.5602
0.4587
0.5331
0.4692
0.5086
0.4778
0.4858
0.4856
0.4640
0.4902
0.4221
0.4842
0.3871
0.4725
0.3605
0.4602
0.3429
0.4514
0.3309
0.4437
0.3229
0.4350
0.3137
105
0.4533
0.5711
0.4650
0.5423
0.4756
0.5163
0.4845
0.4925
0.4927
0.4700
0.4989
0.4272
0.4943
0.3912
0.4834
0.3635
0.4704
0.3447
0.4610
0.3319
0.4526
0.3233
0.4432
0.3135
110
0.4819
0.5239
0.4911
0.4991
0.4997
0.4759
0.5075
0.4323
0.5043
0.3953
0.4943
0.3665
0.4809
0.3466
0.4708
0.3329
0.4617
0.3238
0.4516
0.3133
115
0.4976
0.5056
0.5066
0.4817
0.5159
0.4372
0.5141
0.3993
0.5052
0.3695
0.4916
0.3485
0.4809
0.3339
0.4710
0.3243
0.4601
0.3131
120
0.5040
0.5120
0.5134
0.4874
0.5241
0.4420
0.5238
0.4032
0.5162
0.3725
0.5025
0.3504
0.4912
0.3350
0.4806
0.3248
0.4685
0.3129
125
0.5322
0.4468
0.5334
0.4071
0.5271
0.3755
0.5137
0.3524
0.5018
0.3361
0.4904
0.3253
0.4777
0.3127
130
0.5401
0.4515
0.5429
0.4110
0.5379
0.3785
0.5251
0.3544
0.5126
0.3372
0.5004
0.3258
0.4867
0.3125
135
0.5479
0.4561
0.5523
0.4148
0.5486
0.3814
0.5366
0.3564
0.5237
0.3384
0.5106
0.3263
0.4959
0.3123
140
0.5556
0.4606
0.5615
0.4185
0.5592
0.3843
0.5481
0.3584
0.5350
0.3396
0.5210
0.3268
0.5053
0.3121
145
0.5706
0.4222
0.5698
0.3872
0.5596
0.3604
0.5466
0.3408
0.5317
0.3273
0.5149
0.3119
150
0.5796
0.4259
0.5803
0.3901
0.5711
0.3624
0.5584
0.3420
0.5427
0.3278
0.5247
0.3117
155
0.5885
0.4295
0.5907
0.3930
0.5825
0.3644
0.5704
0.3432
0.5539
0.3284
0.5347
0.3115
160
0.6010
0.3958
0.5939
0.3664
0.5825
0.3445
0.5655
0.3290
0.5450
0.3113
165
0.6111
0.3986
0.6052
0.3684
0.5947
0.3458
0.5773
0.3296
0.5555
0.3111
170
0.6211
0.4013
0.6165
0.3704
0.6069
0.3471
0.5893
0.3302
0.5663
0.3109
175
0.6310
0.4040
0.6276
0.3724
0.6192
0.3484
0.6014
0.3308
0.5774
0.3107
180
0.6386
0.3744
0.6314
0.3497
0.6135
0.3314
0.5887
0.3105
185
0.6435
0.3510
0.6257
0.3320
0.6002
0.3103
190
0.6555
0.3522
0.6380
0.3326
0.6119
0.3101
195
0.6503
0.3332
0.6238
0.3098
200
0.6626
0.3338
0.6358
0.3095
205
0.6749
0.3344
0.6479
0.3092
210
0.6601
0.3089
215
0.6724
0.3086
220
0.6848
0.3083
Table III
Intersections of MacAdam 5× loci with average sugar products locus. Description of glass standards with chromaticity coordinates near the intersections.
See Table I.
Thickness of smoke component, type (7).
Cherry component only, type (6).
Table IV
Comparison of NBS units of sugar color, ΔENBS, with MacAdam units of sugar chromaticity, ΔS. Comparisons are valid only for the lighter colors above the spacing.