Abstract
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James P. C. Southall
J. Opt. Soc. Am. 5(5) 398-409 (1921)
Frank E. Ross
J. Opt. Soc. Am. 5(2) 123-130 (1921)
Charles Sheard
J. Opt. Soc. Am. 12(2) 79-118 (1926)
A. Ames and C. A. Proctor
A. Ames, Jr. and C. A. Proctor
Wilder Laboratory, Dartmouth College, Hanover, N. H.
No abstract available.
Full Article | PDF ArticleJames P. C. Southall
J. Opt. Soc. Am. 5(5) 398-409 (1921)
Frank E. Ross
J. Opt. Soc. Am. 5(2) 123-130 (1921)
Charles Sheard
J. Opt. Soc. Am. 12(2) 79-118 (1926)
F. K. Richtmyer
J. Opt. Soc. Am. 5(5) 461-465 (1921)
Loyd A. Jones
J. Opt. Soc. Am. 5(3) 232-258 (1921)
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Investigators | Date | Nature of work | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||
(1) | Young | 1801 | Theo. | Phil. Trans. 1801, Vol. XCIII, p. 23. |
(2) | Stammerhaus | 1874 | Exp. | Arch. für Ophth. Vol. XX, p. 146. |
(3) | Peschel | 1878 | Exp. | Pflüg Arch. Vol. XVIII, p. 504. |
(4) | Hermann | 1878–9 | Theo. | Pflüg Arch. Vol. XVIII, p. 443. |
(5) | Fick | 1879 | Theo. | Pflüg Arch. Vol. XIX, p. 145. |
(6) | Matthiessen | 1879 | Theo. | Pflüg Arch. Vol. XIX, p. 481. |
(7) | Rasmus & Wauer | 1879 | Theo. | Pflüg Arch. Vol. XX, p. 264. |
(8) | Matthiessen | 1879 | Theo. | Arch, für Ophth. Vol. XXV, p. 257. |
(9) | Peschel | 1879 | Exp. | Pflüg Arch. Vol. XX, p. 338. |
(10) | Hermann | 1879 | Theo. | Pflüg Arch. Vol. XX, p. 370. |
(11) | Schoen | 1879 | Theo.& Exp. | Du Bois-Raymond, Arch, für Physiol., p. 146. |
(12) | Hermann | 1882 | Theo. | Pflüg Arch. Vol. XXVII, p. 291. |
(13) | Parent | 1882 | Exp. | Rec. D’Ophthal., 1882, p. 216. |
(14) | Schoen | 1884 | Theo. | Beitrage zur Dioptick des Auges, Leipzig, Engleman, 1884. |
(15) | Matthiessen | 1884 | Exp. | Arch. für Ophthal. Vol. XXX, p. 91. |
(16) | Schmidt Rimpler | 1884 | Exp. | Congres International des Sciences Medicals, Compte Rendue, III, P. 73. |
(17) | Albini | 1886 | Exp. | Giornale de R. Acad. di Torino, 49, P. 657. |
(18) | Staub | 1887 | Exp. | Graefe Arch. für Ophthal, 33, p. 84. |
(19) | Wertheim | 1894 | Exp. | Zeit f. Psy. & Phy. der Sinn, 7, p. 172. |
(20) | Heinrich | 1895 | Exp. | Zeit f. Psy. & Phy. der Sinn, 9, p. 353. |
(21) | Heinrich | 1896 | Exp. | Zeit f. Psy. & Phy. der Sinn, 11, p. 410. |
(22) | Drualt | 1900 | Exp. | Arch. d’Ophth, 20, p. 21. |
(23) | Loria | 1906 | Exp. | Zeit f. Psy. & Phy. der Sinn, 40, p.160. |
(24) | Heinrich | 1909 | Exp. | Brit. Journ. Psy., Vol. 3, p. 66. |
Angle | Correcting lens | Calculated distance of secondary image from retina | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
Temporal | Nasal | Temporal | Nasal | |
| ||||
18° | …….. | + 0.25 D | ………. | + 0.11 mm |
21° | + 0.37 D | + 0.62 | + 0.31 mm | 0.44 |
24° | + 0.50 | + 0.75 | 0.15 | 0.45 |
27° | + 0.87 | + 1.0 | 0.47 | 0.58 |
30° | + 1.3 | + 1.4 | 0.85 | 0.93 |
33° | + 1.6 | + 1.8 | 1.00 | 1.20 |
36° | + 2.1 | + 2.4 | 1.37 | 1.50 |
39° | + 2.7 | + 2.6 | 1.66 | 1.59 |
42° | + 3.0 | + 3.0 | 1.75 | 1.77 |
45° | + 3.5 | …….. | 2.06 | ………. |
Angle | Distance of vertical thread from eye | Calculated distance of primary image from retina | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
Nasal | Temporal | Nasal | Temporal | |
| ||||
0° | 350 mm | 350 mm | 0 | 0 |
1° | 348 | 349 | − 0.02 | − 0.02 |
2° | 341 | 343 | − 0.05 | − 0.05 |
3° | 331 | 332 | − 0.09 | − 0.09 |
4° | 315 | 320 | − 0.16 | − 0.14 |
5° | 294 | 202 | − 0.24 | − 0.21 |
Object Distances in mm. | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||||||||
Angle | Herr K hypermetropic 0.25 D | Herr Fl. Myopic 1.25 D | Herr P emetropic | |||||||||||
|
|
| ||||||||||||
Fixation 65 cm. | Fixation 120 cm. | Eye treated with atropine | Fixation 34 cm. | Fixation 62 cm. | Eye treated with atropine | Fixation infinity | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||
Nasal | Temp. | Nasal | Temp. | Nasal | Temp. | Nasal | Temp. | Nasal | Temp. | Nasal | Temp. | Nasal | Temp. | |
| ||||||||||||||
5° | … | … | 625 | 650 | 675 | 675 | … | … | …. | …. | … | … | … | … |
10° | 365 | 375 | 480 | 480 | 500 | 500 | 300 | 300 | 480 | 475 | 700 | 700 | 1000 | 1000 |
15° | 250 | … | 325 | … | … | … | 250 | … | 385 | … | 550 | … | … | … |
20° | I75 | 190 | 250 | 250 | 275 | 275 | 200 | 250 | 325 | 335 | 450 | 550 | 650 | 650 |
25° | … | 152.5 | 175 | 160 | 175 | 175 | 175 | 225 | 237.5 | 287.5 | 350 | 400 | 600 | … |
30° | … | 110 | … | 120 | 125 | 125 | … | 180 | 200 | 235 | 250 | 300 | 500 | 600 |
35° | … | … | … | … | 100 | 100 | … | … | 170 | 182.5 | 200 | 225 | … | … |
40° | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | 150 | 175 | … | 400 |
50° | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | 200 |
| ||||||||||||||
Calculated image distances in mm. | ||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||
5° | … | … | 0.23 | 0.21 | 0.50 | 0.50 | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … |
10° | 0.35 | 0.33 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.67 | 0.67 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.31 | 0.31 |
15° | 0.71 | … | 0.65 | … | … | … | 0.42 | … | 0.40 | … | 0.28 | … | … | … |
20° | 1.14 | 1.02 | 0.88 | 0.88 | 1.07 | 1.07 | 0.71 | 0.44 | 0.55 | 0.53 | 0.41 | 0.30 | 0.45 | 0.45 |
25° | … | 1.30 | 1.27 | 1.40 | 1.53 | 1.53 | 0.91 | 0.57 | 0.86 | 0.67 | 0.60 | 0.50 | 0.47 | … |
30° | … | 1.83 | … | 1.82 | 1.99 | 1.99 | … | 0.86 | 1.05 | 0.87 | 0.90 | 0.73 | 0.53 | 0.47 |
35° | … | … | … | … | 2.30 | 2.30 | … | … | 1.24 | 1.15 | 1.12 | 0.99 | … | … |
40° | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | 1.46 | 1.21 | … | 0.60 |
50° | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | 1.02 |
Wave-length | Zone distance from axis, mm | Average scale readings, mm | Calculated object distance in front of eye, V′ mm | Calculated distances behind retina where incident parallel rays cut axis, mm |
---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||
Red, 6560 | 1.0 | 167.3 | − 1361 | 0.22 |
1.5 | 165.8 | − 2667 | 0.12 | |
2.0 | 165.1 | − 4495 | 0.06 | |
2.5 | 166.4 | − 1949 | 0.16 | |
3.0 | 167.4 | − 1315 | 0.22 | |
3.5 | 167.5 | − 1272 | 0.23 | |
Yellow, 5890 | 1.0 | 164.0 | ∾ | 0.00 |
1.5 | 163.0 | + 5375 | − 0.05 | |
2.0 | 163.5 | + 10547 | − 0.02 | |
2.5 | 164.3 | − 17023 | 0.02 | |
3.0 | 166.6 | − 1783 | 0.17 | |
3.5 | 166.9 | − 1578 | 0.19 | |
Blue, 4860 | 1.0 | 161.8 | + 2555 | − 0.11 |
1.5 | 159.6 | + 1380 | − 0.20 | |
2.0 | 161.1 | + 1988 | − 0.14 | |
2.5 | 162.4 | + 3436 | −0.08 | |
3.0 | 163.7 | + 17437 | − 0.01 |
Wave-length | Zone distance from axis, mm | Average scale readings, mm | Calculated object distance in front of eye, V′ mm | Calculated distances behind retina where incident parallel rays cut axis, mm |
---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||
Red, 6560 | 0.50 | 170.8 | − 620 | 0.48 |
0.75 | 168.6 | − 986 | 0.30 | |
1.00 | 167.1 | − 1530 | 0.20 | |
1.50 | 165.5 | − 3308 | 0.09 | |
Yellow, 5890 | 0.50 | 166.1 | − 2324 | 0.13 |
1.00 | 164.3 | − 17090 | 0.02 | |
1.50 | 163.1 | + 5882 | − 0.04 | |
Blue, 4860 | 0.50 | 164.2 | − 25710 | 0.02 |
1.00 | 161.8 | + 2488 | − 0.12 | |
1.50 | 159.7 | + 1340 | − 0.21 |
Wave-length | Zone distance from axis, mm | Average readings (distances from focus of mirror), mm | Calculated object (distances in front of eye), mm | Calculated distance behind retina where incident parallel rays cut axis, mm | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
| |||||
Temp. | Nasal | Temp. | Nasal | Temp. | Nasal | ||
| |||||||
Red, 6563 | |||||||
0.50 | 1.71 | 1.56 | − 2800 | − 3100 | 0.103 | 0.093 | |
0.75 | 1.58 | 1.38 | − 3070 | − 3570 | 0.095 | 0.081 | |
1.00 | 1.98 | 1.03 | − 2360 | − 4850 | 0.124 | 0.059 | |
1.50 | 0.71 | − 0.12 | − 7150 | ∾ | 0.040 | 0.000 | |
2.00 | 0.39 | + 0.03 | − 13100 | ∾ | 0.022 | 0.000 | |
2.50 | 0.31 | 1.05 | − 16700 | − 4750 | 0.017 | 0.060 | |
3.00 | 0.60 | 0.87 | − 8400 | − 5800 | 0.034 | 0.049 | |
Yellow, 5893 | |||||||
0.50 | + 0.65 | + 0.40 | − 7750 | −12750 | 0.037 | 0.022 | |
0.75 | 1.26 | 0.12 | − 3950 | ∾ | 0.073 | 0.000 | |
1.00 | − 0.08 | − 1.04 | ∾ | 5300 | 0.000 | − 0.055 | |
1.50 | − 1.58 | − 2.04 | 3500 | 2700 | − 0.083 | − 0.108 | |
2.00 | − 1.05 | − 1.56 | 5250 | 3550 | − 0.056 | − 0.080 | |
2.50 | − 0.76 | − 0.79 | 7070 | 6850 | − 0.042 | − 0.043 | |
3.00 | − 0.54 | − 0.46 | 9750 | 11450 | − 0.031 | − 0.026 | |
Green, 5461 | |||||||
0.50 | − 1.02 | −0.78 | 5400 | 6900 | − 0.054 | − 0.042 | |
0.75 | − 0.99 | − 0.72 | 5550 | 7450 | − 0.052 | − 0.039 | |
1.00 | − 2.39 | − 2.62 | 2350 | 2170 | − 0.123 | − 0.134 | |
1.50 | − 3.72 | − 3.95 | 1600 | 1510 | − 0.180 | − 0.191 | |
2.00 | − 3.90 | − 3.56 | 1530 | 1670 | − 0.188 | − 0.173 | |
2.50 | − 3.16 | − 2.59 | 1850 | 2200 | − 0.156 | − 0.132 | |
3.00 | − 3.37 | − 2.68 | 1750 | 2130 | − 0.165 | − 0.136 | |
Blue, 4861 | |||||||
0.50 | …… | …… | 2000 | 2252 | − 0.145 | − 0.128 | |
0.75 | …… | …… | 1754 | 1949 | − 0.166 | − 0.149 | |
1.00 | − 6.26 | − 6.72 | 1035 | 978 | − 0.276 | − 0.292 | |
1.50 | − 6.72 | − 6.73 | 978 | 977 | − 0.292 | − 0.292 | |
2.00 | − 6.20 | − 5.97 | 1043 | 1075 | − 0.273 | − 0.266 | |
2.50 | − 5.50 | − 4.85 | 1147 | 1273 | − 0.250 | − 0.225 | |
3.00 | − 5.98 | − 5.79 | 1073 | 1100 | − 0.267 | − 0.260 |
Wave-length | Zone distance from axis, mm | Average readings (distances from focus of mirror), mm | Calculated object distances in front of eye, mm | Calculated distances behind retina where incident parallel rays cut axis, mm | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
| |||||
Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | ||
| |||||||
Red, 6563 | |||||||
0.5 | + 1.07 | + 1.76 | − 4670 | − 2730 | 0.062 | 0.107 | |
1.0 | − 0.53 | + 0.15 | 9900 | ∾ | − 0.030 | 0.000 | |
1.5 | − 1.03 | − 1.27 | 5350 | 4370 | − 0.054 | − 0.067 | |
2.0 | − 0.82 | − 1.56 | 6580 | 3540 | − 0.045 | − 0.080 | |
2.5 | − 1.36 | − 2.04 | 4070 | 2690 | − 0.072 | − 0.106 | |
3.0 | − 2.12 | − 3.02 | 2600 | 1925 | − 0.112 | − 0.151 | |
Yellow, 5893 | |||||||
0.5 | − 0.53 | − 0.41 | 9900 | 13000 | − 0.030 | − 0.022 | |
1.0 | − 2.82 | − 1.32 | 2040 | 4200 | − 0.142 | − 0.070 | |
1.5 | − 3.01 | − 2.66 | 1930 | 2150 | − 0.150 | − 0.135 | |
2.0 | − 3.31 | − 4.17 | 1775 | 1440 | − 0.163 | − 0.200 | |
2.5 | − 3.14 | − 3.57 | 1860 | 1660 | − 0.156 | − 0.174 | |
3.0 | − 4.63 | …… | 1320 | …… | − 0.217 | …… | |
Green, 5461 | |||||||
0.5 | − 1.59 | − 1.09 | 3470 | 5050 | − 0.084 | − 0.058 | |
1.0 | − 3.22 | − 3.44 | 1820 | 1715 | − 0.158 | − 0.168 | |
1.5 | − 4.82 | − 4.82 | 1275 | 1275 | − 0.225 | − 0.225 | |
2.0 | − 4.81 | − 5.35 | 1280 | 1175 | − 0.224 | − 0.244 | |
2.5 | − 4.92 | − 5.47 | 1255 | 1155 | − 0.228 | − 0.248 | |
3.0 | − 5.99 | …… | 1075 | …… | − 0.266 | …… | |
Blue, 4861 | |||||||
0.5 | − 5.24 | − 5.88 | 1193 | 1087 | − 0.240 | − 0.263 | |
1.0 | − 7.05 | − 6.31 | 940 | 1027 | − 0.303 | − 0.277 | |
1.5 | − 8.61 | − 8.04 | 807 | 848 | − 0.352 | − 0.335 | |
2.0 | − 9.09 | − 8.60 | 775 | 808 | − 0.367 | − 0.352 | |
2.5 | − 9.26 | − 7.70 | 763 | 877 | − 0.373 | − 0.325 |
Wave-length | Zone distance from axis, mm | Average readings (distances from focus of mirror), mm | Calculated object distances in front of eye, mm | Calculated distances behind retina where incident parallel rays cut axis, mm |
---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||
Red, 6563 | 0.50 | + 0.21 | ∾ | 0.000 |
0.75 | + 0.35 | − 14750 | 0.018 | |
1.00 | − 0.51 | 10300 | − 0.028 | |
1.50 | − 0.96 | 5660 | − 0.051 | |
2.00 | − 1.09 | 5050 | − 0.058 | |
2.50 | − 0.02 nasal only | ∾ | 0.000 | |
Yellow, 5893 | 0.50 | − 1.08 | 5080 | − 0.058 |
0.75 | − 0.81 | 6660 | − 0.044 | |
1.00 | − 1.61 | 3420 | − 0.086 | |
1.50 | − 2.60 | 2190 | − 0.133 | |
2.00 | − 2.35 | 2390 | − 0.122 | |
2.50 | − 1.27 nasal only | 4350 | − 0.068 | |
Green, 5461 | 0.50 | − 2.76 | 2080 | − 0.140 |
0.75 | − 2.77 | 2070 | − 0.140 | |
1.00 | − 3.70 | 1610 | − 0.180 | |
1.50 | − 4.28 | 1415 | − 0.023 | |
2.00 | − 4.32 | 1400 | − 0.205 | |
2.50 | − 2.95 nasal only | 1960 | − 0.148 | |
Yellow, 5893 (later reading) | 0.50 | − 0.50 | 10500 | − 0.027 |
0.75 | − 0.85 | 6400 | − 0.046 | |
1.00 | − 1.75 | 3150 | − 0.093 | |
1.50 | − 2.66 | 2130 | − 0.137 | |
2.00 | − 2.49 | 2270 | − 0.128 | |
2.50 | − 1.78 | 3090 | − 0.095 |
Wavelength | Mr. Ames Fixation, λ = 6560 | Dr. Proctor Fixation, λ = 5600 | Mr. Murch Fixation, λ = 6560 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
| ||||
Average scale readings | Retina to focus, mm | Average scale readings | Retina to focus, mm | Average scale readings | Retina to focus, mm | |
| ||||||
7000 | + 0.04 | 0.000 | 3.46 | − 0.226 | − 2.24 | 0.127 |
6500 | − 0.71 | 0.038 | 2.30 | −0.147 | − 3.60 | 0.174 |
6000 | − 1.55 | 0.081 | 0.64 | − 0.037 | − 6.70 | 0.291 |
5500 | − 3.5 | 0.170 | − 0.31 | + 0.017 | − 8.30 | 0.345 |
5000 | − 5.8 | 0.260 | − 1.90 | + 0.103 | − 11.20 | 0.425 |
4650 | − 8.45 | 0.347 | − 4.81 | + 0.248 | − 14.70 | 0.508 |
Angular obliquity of source | Primary astigmatic field | Secondary astigmatic field | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
Average reading (distance from focus of mirror), mm | Calculated object distance, mm | Calculated image distance from retina, mm | Average readings (distance from focus of mirror), mm | Calculated object distance, mm | Calculated image distance from retina, mm | |
| ||||||
Temporal | ||||||
0° | +0.32 | −1600 | −0.018 | −1.99 | +2770 | 0.104 |
2° | −0.18 | ∾ | 0.000 | −1.06 | +5180 | 0.057 |
3° | −0.55 | +9600 | +0.030 | − 1.27 | +4350 | 0.066 |
4° | −0.58 | 9100 | 0.032 | −1.57 | +3530 | 0.082 |
5° | −0.66 | 8060 | 0.036 | −1.83 | +3000 | 0.096 |
6° | −1.06 | 5200 | 0.055 | −1.44 | +3840 | 0.075 |
7° | −1.62 | 3400 | 0.082 | −1.57 | +3530 | 0.082 |
8° | −2.38 | 2350 | 0.123 | −1.49 | +3700 | 0.078 |
9° | −2.99 | 1940 | 0.150 | −1.75 | +3140 | 0.092 |
10° | −3.96 | 1510 | 0.176 | −2.55 | +2210 | 0.129 |
11° | −4.53 | 1345 | 0.213 | −2.37 | +2370 | 0.122 |
12° | −6.26 | 1035 | 0.277 | −2.82 | +2030 | 0.142 |
13° | −7.00 | 946 | 0.302 | −3.08 | +1890 | 0.152 |
Nasal | ||||||
0° | +0.24 | −22500 | −0.014 | −1.99 | +2770 | 0.104 |
2° | +0.58 | − 7400 | −0.039 | −1.82 | +3030 | 0.095 |
3° | −0.40 | +13300 | +0.022 | −1.33 | +4170 | 0.069 |
4° | −0.77 | 7000 | 0.041 | −1.36 | +4070 | 0.071 |
5° | −1.08 | 5080 | 0.059 | −1.40 | +3950 | 0.073 |
6° | −2.02 | 2650 | 0.110 | −1.43 | +3870 | 0.075 |
7° | −1.51 | 3650 | 0.081 | −1.49 | +3700 | 0.078 |
8° | −2.21 | 2500 | 0.115 | −1.53 | +3600 | 0.080 |
9° | −2.34 | 2380 | 0.121 | −0.99 | +5540 | 0.052 |
10° | −2.56 | 2200 | 0.131 | −1.00 | +5480 | 0.053 |
11° | −3.34 | 1760 | 0.163 | −1.07 | +5140 | 0.056 |
12° | −4.49 | 1380 | 0.211 | −1.33 | +4170 | 0.069 |
13° | −4.05 | 1480 | 0.194 | −1.16 | +4750 | 0.061 |
(Primary Astigmatic Fields.) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||||||||
Angular obliquity of source | Red (λ6563) | Yellow (λ5893) | Green (λ5461) | Blue (λ4861) | |||||||||
|
|
|
| ||||||||||
Average readings, mm | Object distance, mm | Image distance, mm | Average readings, mm | Object distance, mm | Image distance, mm | Average readings, mm | Object distance, mm | Image distance, mm | Average readings, mm | Object distance, mm | Image distance, mm | ||
| |||||||||||||
Temporal | |||||||||||||
0° | −0.045 | 286000 | 0.001 | −5.70 | 3000 | 0.095 | −8.93 | 2000 | 0.144 | −18.40 | 1100 | 0.260 | |
2° | 1.39 | 11500 | 0.026 | …… | …. | …. | 10.11 | 1800 | 0.161 | 21.45 | 980 | 0.291 | |
3° | ….. | ….. | …. | 6.03 | 2840 | 0.101 | …. | …. | …. | …. | …. | …. | |
4° | 1.60 | 10100 | 0.029 | 6.90 | 2520 | 0.115 | 10.62 | 1730 | 0.167 | 23.15 | 928 | 0.308 | |
6° | 5.97 | 2880 | 0.101 | 8.45 | 2090 | 0.138 | 12.04 | 1550 | 0.185 | 25.10 | 877 | 0.325 | |
8° | 8.98 | 1990 | 0.144 | 11.76 | 1570 | 0.184 | 16.40 | 1200 | 0.239 | 28.55 | 805 | 0.353 | |
10° | 11.0 | 1660 | 0.173 | 14.75 | 1310 | 0.221 | 21.52 | 978 | 0.292 | 33.20 | 732 | 0.388 | |
12° | 15.4 | 1260 | 0.226 | 17.31 | 1150 | 0.249 | 27.62 | 824 | 0.346 | 41.50 | 669 | 0.426 | |
14° | Readings prevented by blind spot. | ||||||||||||
16° | |||||||||||||
18° | |||||||||||||
20° | 21.8 | 967 | 0.294 | 22.75 | 939 | 0.304 | 40.66 | 656 | 0.432 | 46.90 | 644 | 0.430 | |
Nasal | |||||||||||||
0° | −0.045 | 286000 | 0.001 | −5.70 | 3000 | 0.095 | −8.93 | 2000 | 0.144 | −18.40 | 1100 | 0.260 | |
2° | 0.92 | 17100 | 0.017 | ….. | …. | …. | …… | ….. | ….. | 19.7 | 1040 | 0.274 | |
3° | ….. | ….. | …. | 6.35 | 2720 | 0.107 | 10.26 | 1780 | 0.162 | ||||
4° | 2.93 | 5590 | 0.052 | 7.23 | 2420 | 0.119 | 10.61 | 1730 | 0.167 | 20.7 | 1010 | 0.285 | |
6° | 3.76 | 4410 | 0.066 | 9.03 | 1970 | 0.147 | 13.40 | 1420 | 0.202 | 23.6 | 914 | 0.302 | |
8° | 4.65 | 3610 | 0.081 | 9.48 | 1890 | 0.153 | 14.54 | 1320 | 0.216 | 25.0 | 880 | 0.324 | |
10° | 7.00 | 2490 | 0.115 | 11.01 | 1660 | 0.173 | 15.87 | 1230 | 0.233 | 25.3 | 872 | 0.327 | |
12° | 8.36 | 2110 | 0.135 | 12.11 | 1530 | 0.187 | 17.17 | 1160 | 0.247 | 29.3 | 792 | 0.359 | |
14° | 11.52 | 1590 | 0.182 | 15.02 | 1290 | 0.224 | 21.71 | 964 | 0.296 | 30.9 | 765 | 0.372 | |
16° | 13.13 | 1430 | 0.201 | 17.95 | 1120 | 0.255 | 25.65 | 864 | 0.330 | 37.9 | 678 | 0.428 | |
18° | 16.05 | 1220 | 0.235 | 17.19 | 1160 | 0.247 | 29.43 | 792 | 0.359 | 38.3 | 674 | 0.430 | |
20° | 18.10 | 1110 | 0.258 | 24.63 | 888 | 0.322 | 28.95 | 800 | 0.356 | 45.0 | 652 | 0.434 | |
| |||||||||||||
(Secondary Astigmatic Fields.) | |||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
Temporal | |||||||||||||
0° | −4.11 | 4030 | 0.072 | −10.93 | 1670 | 0.172 | −15.12 | 1310 | 0.218 | −27.10 | 834 | 0.342 | |
2° | 2.52 | 6450 | 0.045 | 9.64 | 1860 | 0.161 | 12.99 | 1440 | 0.199 | 23.95 | 906 | 0.315 | |
4° | 2.42 | 6710 | 0.043 | 9.86 | 1830 | 0.158 | 13.97 | 1360 | 0.210 | 23.80 | 909 | 0.314 | |
6° | 3.47 | 4760 | 0.061 | 9.78 | 1840 | 0.156 | 14.91 | 1290 | 0.221 | 23.52 | 917 | 0.311 | |
8° | 5.11 | 3300 | 0.087 | 11.54 | 1590 | 0.180 | 17.11 | 1160 | 0.247 | 25.25 | 875 | 0.326 | |
10° | 6.17 | 2790 | 0.104 | 14.17 | 1350 | 0.213 | 19.67 | 1040 | 0.274 | 31.92 | 750 | 0.379 | |
12° | 7.50 | 2340 | 0.123 | 17.01 | 1170 | 0.246 | 21.84 | 967 | 0.298 | 31.75 | 753 | 0.378 | |
14° | Readings prevented by blind spot. | ||||||||||||
16° | |||||||||||||
18° | |||||||||||||
20° | 3.97 | 4180 | 0.069 | 13.61 | 1390 | 0.206 | 19.57 | 1050 | 0.272 | 27.05 | 835 | 0.341 | |
Nasal | |||||||||||||
0° | 4.11 | 4030 | 0.072 | −10.93 | 1670 | 0.172 | −15.12 | 1310 | 0.218 | −27.1 | 834 | 0.342 | |
2° | 2.94 | 5590 | 0.052 | 9.86 | 1830 | 0.158 | 13.38 | 1410 | 0.203 | 25.9 | 860 | 0.331 | |
4° | 2.84 | 5750 | 0.050 | 10.03 | 1800 | 0.160 | 14.20 | 1340 | 0.214 | 25.1 | 877 | 0.325 | |
6° | 3.64 | 4550 | 0.064 | 9.73 | 1850 | 0.156 | 14.01 | 1360 | 0.211 | 26.5 | 846 | 0.337 | |
8° | 3.30 | 4980 | 0.058 | 10.15 | 1780 | 0.162 | 13.92 | 1370 | 0.210 | 25.2 | 875 | 0.324 | |
10° | 3.38 | 4890 | 0.059 | 11.61 | 1580 | 0.181 | 15.10 | 1280 | 0.224 | 24.9 | 881 | 0.321 | |
12° | 4.27 | 3920 | 0.074 | 11.90 | 1550 | 0.185 | 15.33 | 1260 | 0.227 | 26.9 | 838 | 0.340 | |
14° | 4.42 | 3790 | 0.076 | 12.53 | 1490 | 0.193 | 17.39 | 1150 | 0.250 | 27.3 | 830 | 0.343 | |
16° | 5.37 | 3150 | 0.093 | 12.52 | 1490 | 0.193 | 17.94 | 1120 | 0.255 | 24.5 | 890 | 0.320 | |
18° | 5.74 | 2990 | 0.097 | 8.15 | 2160 | 0.133 | 16.67 | 1180 | 0.242 | 22.9 | 935 | 0.305 | |
20° | 4.28 | 3890 | 0.074 | 7.39 | 2370 | 0.122 | 14.06 | 1360 | 0.212 | 21.1 | 992 | 0.288 |
Angular obliquity of source | Primary astigmatic field | Secondary astigmatic field | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
Average readings, mm | Object distance, mm | Image distance, mm | Average readings, mm | Object distance, mm | Image distance, mm | |
| ||||||
Temporal | ||||||
0° | −11.9 | 1326 | 0.216 | −14.7 | 1070 | 0.269 |
5° | 13.3 | 1190 | 0.229 | 15.4 | 1026 | 0.252 |
10° | 20.2 | 791 | 0.360 | 17.7 | 890 | 0.320 |
20° | 26.1 | 606 | 0.476 | 18.6 | 847 | 0.336 |
Nasal | ||||||
0° | 11.9 | 1326 | 0.216 | 14.7 | 1070 | 0.269 |
5° | ||||||
10° | 17.8 | 895 | 0.319 | 14.25 | 1102 | 0.259 |
20° | 20.8 | 758 | 0.375 | 11.6 | 1348 | 0.213 |
Astigmatism, Oblique Rays, Eye.
Investigators | Date | Nature of work | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||
(1) | Young | 1801 | Theo. | Phil. Trans. 1801, Vol. XCIII, p. 23. |
(2) | Stammerhaus | 1874 | Exp. | Arch. für Ophth. Vol. XX, p. 146. |
(3) | Peschel | 1878 | Exp. | Pflüg Arch. Vol. XVIII, p. 504. |
(4) | Hermann | 1878–9 | Theo. | Pflüg Arch. Vol. XVIII, p. 443. |
(5) | Fick | 1879 | Theo. | Pflüg Arch. Vol. XIX, p. 145. |
(6) | Matthiessen | 1879 | Theo. | Pflüg Arch. Vol. XIX, p. 481. |
(7) | Rasmus & Wauer | 1879 | Theo. | Pflüg Arch. Vol. XX, p. 264. |
(8) | Matthiessen | 1879 | Theo. | Arch, für Ophth. Vol. XXV, p. 257. |
(9) | Peschel | 1879 | Exp. | Pflüg Arch. Vol. XX, p. 338. |
(10) | Hermann | 1879 | Theo. | Pflüg Arch. Vol. XX, p. 370. |
(11) | Schoen | 1879 | Theo.& Exp. | Du Bois-Raymond, Arch, für Physiol., p. 146. |
(12) | Hermann | 1882 | Theo. | Pflüg Arch. Vol. XXVII, p. 291. |
(13) | Parent | 1882 | Exp. | Rec. D’Ophthal., 1882, p. 216. |
(14) | Schoen | 1884 | Theo. | Beitrage zur Dioptick des Auges, Leipzig, Engleman, 1884. |
(15) | Matthiessen | 1884 | Exp. | Arch. für Ophthal. Vol. XXX, p. 91. |
(16) | Schmidt Rimpler | 1884 | Exp. | Congres International des Sciences Medicals, Compte Rendue, III, P. 73. |
(17) | Albini | 1886 | Exp. | Giornale de R. Acad. di Torino, 49, P. 657. |
(18) | Staub | 1887 | Exp. | Graefe Arch. für Ophthal, 33, p. 84. |
(19) | Wertheim | 1894 | Exp. | Zeit f. Psy. & Phy. der Sinn, 7, p. 172. |
(20) | Heinrich | 1895 | Exp. | Zeit f. Psy. & Phy. der Sinn, 9, p. 353. |
(21) | Heinrich | 1896 | Exp. | Zeit f. Psy. & Phy. der Sinn, 11, p. 410. |
(22) | Drualt | 1900 | Exp. | Arch. d’Ophth, 20, p. 21. |
(23) | Loria | 1906 | Exp. | Zeit f. Psy. & Phy. der Sinn, 40, p.160. |
(24) | Heinrich | 1909 | Exp. | Brit. Journ. Psy., Vol. 3, p. 66. |
Albini’s Results, Averaged.
Angle | Correcting lens | Calculated distance of secondary image from retina | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
Temporal | Nasal | Temporal | Nasal | |
| ||||
18° | …….. | + 0.25 D | ………. | + 0.11 mm |
21° | + 0.37 D | + 0.62 | + 0.31 mm | 0.44 |
24° | + 0.50 | + 0.75 | 0.15 | 0.45 |
27° | + 0.87 | + 1.0 | 0.47 | 0.58 |
30° | + 1.3 | + 1.4 | 0.85 | 0.93 |
33° | + 1.6 | + 1.8 | 1.00 | 1.20 |
36° | + 2.1 | + 2.4 | 1.37 | 1.50 |
39° | + 2.7 | + 2.6 | 1.66 | 1.59 |
42° | + 3.0 | + 3.0 | 1.75 | 1.77 |
45° | + 3.5 | …….. | 2.06 | ………. |
Heinrich’s Results.
Angle | Distance of vertical thread from eye | Calculated distance of primary image from retina | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
Nasal | Temporal | Nasal | Temporal | |
| ||||
0° | 350 mm | 350 mm | 0 | 0 |
1° | 348 | 349 | − 0.02 | − 0.02 |
2° | 341 | 343 | − 0.05 | − 0.05 |
3° | 331 | 332 | − 0.09 | − 0.09 |
4° | 315 | 320 | − 0.16 | − 0.14 |
5° | 294 | 202 | − 0.24 | − 0.21 |
Loria’s Results.
Object Distances in mm. | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||||||||
Angle | Herr K hypermetropic 0.25 D | Herr Fl. Myopic 1.25 D | Herr P emetropic | |||||||||||
|
|
| ||||||||||||
Fixation 65 cm. | Fixation 120 cm. | Eye treated with atropine | Fixation 34 cm. | Fixation 62 cm. | Eye treated with atropine | Fixation infinity | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||
Nasal | Temp. | Nasal | Temp. | Nasal | Temp. | Nasal | Temp. | Nasal | Temp. | Nasal | Temp. | Nasal | Temp. | |
| ||||||||||||||
5° | … | … | 625 | 650 | 675 | 675 | … | … | …. | …. | … | … | … | … |
10° | 365 | 375 | 480 | 480 | 500 | 500 | 300 | 300 | 480 | 475 | 700 | 700 | 1000 | 1000 |
15° | 250 | … | 325 | … | … | … | 250 | … | 385 | … | 550 | … | … | … |
20° | I75 | 190 | 250 | 250 | 275 | 275 | 200 | 250 | 325 | 335 | 450 | 550 | 650 | 650 |
25° | … | 152.5 | 175 | 160 | 175 | 175 | 175 | 225 | 237.5 | 287.5 | 350 | 400 | 600 | … |
30° | … | 110 | … | 120 | 125 | 125 | … | 180 | 200 | 235 | 250 | 300 | 500 | 600 |
35° | … | … | … | … | 100 | 100 | … | … | 170 | 182.5 | 200 | 225 | … | … |
40° | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | 150 | 175 | … | 400 |
50° | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | 200 |
| ||||||||||||||
Calculated image distances in mm. | ||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||
5° | … | … | 0.23 | 0.21 | 0.50 | 0.50 | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … |
10° | 0.35 | 0.33 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.67 | 0.67 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.31 | 0.31 |
15° | 0.71 | … | 0.65 | … | … | … | 0.42 | … | 0.40 | … | 0.28 | … | … | … |
20° | 1.14 | 1.02 | 0.88 | 0.88 | 1.07 | 1.07 | 0.71 | 0.44 | 0.55 | 0.53 | 0.41 | 0.30 | 0.45 | 0.45 |
25° | … | 1.30 | 1.27 | 1.40 | 1.53 | 1.53 | 0.91 | 0.57 | 0.86 | 0.67 | 0.60 | 0.50 | 0.47 | … |
30° | … | 1.83 | … | 1.82 | 1.99 | 1.99 | … | 0.86 | 1.05 | 0.87 | 0.90 | 0.73 | 0.53 | 0.47 |
35° | … | … | … | … | 2.30 | 2.30 | … | … | 1.24 | 1.15 | 1.12 | 0.99 | … | … |
40° | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | 1.46 | 1.21 | … | 0.60 |
50° | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | 1.02 |
Spherical Aberration. (Dr. Chapman.)
Wave-length | Zone distance from axis, mm | Average scale readings, mm | Calculated object distance in front of eye, V′ mm | Calculated distances behind retina where incident parallel rays cut axis, mm |
---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||
Red, 6560 | 1.0 | 167.3 | − 1361 | 0.22 |
1.5 | 165.8 | − 2667 | 0.12 | |
2.0 | 165.1 | − 4495 | 0.06 | |
2.5 | 166.4 | − 1949 | 0.16 | |
3.0 | 167.4 | − 1315 | 0.22 | |
3.5 | 167.5 | − 1272 | 0.23 | |
Yellow, 5890 | 1.0 | 164.0 | ∾ | 0.00 |
1.5 | 163.0 | + 5375 | − 0.05 | |
2.0 | 163.5 | + 10547 | − 0.02 | |
2.5 | 164.3 | − 17023 | 0.02 | |
3.0 | 166.6 | − 1783 | 0.17 | |
3.5 | 166.9 | − 1578 | 0.19 | |
Blue, 4860 | 1.0 | 161.8 | + 2555 | − 0.11 |
1.5 | 159.6 | + 1380 | − 0.20 | |
2.0 | 161.1 | + 1988 | − 0.14 | |
2.5 | 162.4 | + 3436 | −0.08 | |
3.0 | 163.7 | + 17437 | − 0.01 |
Spherical Aberration. (Dr. Chapman.)
Wave-length | Zone distance from axis, mm | Average scale readings, mm | Calculated object distance in front of eye, V′ mm | Calculated distances behind retina where incident parallel rays cut axis, mm |
---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||
Red, 6560 | 0.50 | 170.8 | − 620 | 0.48 |
0.75 | 168.6 | − 986 | 0.30 | |
1.00 | 167.1 | − 1530 | 0.20 | |
1.50 | 165.5 | − 3308 | 0.09 | |
Yellow, 5890 | 0.50 | 166.1 | − 2324 | 0.13 |
1.00 | 164.3 | − 17090 | 0.02 | |
1.50 | 163.1 | + 5882 | − 0.04 | |
Blue, 4860 | 0.50 | 164.2 | − 25710 | 0.02 |
1.00 | 161.8 | + 2488 | − 0.12 | |
1.50 | 159.7 | + 1340 | − 0.21 |
Spherical Aberration. (Mr. Ames.) (Horizontal Meridian.)
Wave-length | Zone distance from axis, mm | Average readings (distances from focus of mirror), mm | Calculated object (distances in front of eye), mm | Calculated distance behind retina where incident parallel rays cut axis, mm | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
| |||||
Temp. | Nasal | Temp. | Nasal | Temp. | Nasal | ||
| |||||||
Red, 6563 | |||||||
0.50 | 1.71 | 1.56 | − 2800 | − 3100 | 0.103 | 0.093 | |
0.75 | 1.58 | 1.38 | − 3070 | − 3570 | 0.095 | 0.081 | |
1.00 | 1.98 | 1.03 | − 2360 | − 4850 | 0.124 | 0.059 | |
1.50 | 0.71 | − 0.12 | − 7150 | ∾ | 0.040 | 0.000 | |
2.00 | 0.39 | + 0.03 | − 13100 | ∾ | 0.022 | 0.000 | |
2.50 | 0.31 | 1.05 | − 16700 | − 4750 | 0.017 | 0.060 | |
3.00 | 0.60 | 0.87 | − 8400 | − 5800 | 0.034 | 0.049 | |
Yellow, 5893 | |||||||
0.50 | + 0.65 | + 0.40 | − 7750 | −12750 | 0.037 | 0.022 | |
0.75 | 1.26 | 0.12 | − 3950 | ∾ | 0.073 | 0.000 | |
1.00 | − 0.08 | − 1.04 | ∾ | 5300 | 0.000 | − 0.055 | |
1.50 | − 1.58 | − 2.04 | 3500 | 2700 | − 0.083 | − 0.108 | |
2.00 | − 1.05 | − 1.56 | 5250 | 3550 | − 0.056 | − 0.080 | |
2.50 | − 0.76 | − 0.79 | 7070 | 6850 | − 0.042 | − 0.043 | |
3.00 | − 0.54 | − 0.46 | 9750 | 11450 | − 0.031 | − 0.026 | |
Green, 5461 | |||||||
0.50 | − 1.02 | −0.78 | 5400 | 6900 | − 0.054 | − 0.042 | |
0.75 | − 0.99 | − 0.72 | 5550 | 7450 | − 0.052 | − 0.039 | |
1.00 | − 2.39 | − 2.62 | 2350 | 2170 | − 0.123 | − 0.134 | |
1.50 | − 3.72 | − 3.95 | 1600 | 1510 | − 0.180 | − 0.191 | |
2.00 | − 3.90 | − 3.56 | 1530 | 1670 | − 0.188 | − 0.173 | |
2.50 | − 3.16 | − 2.59 | 1850 | 2200 | − 0.156 | − 0.132 | |
3.00 | − 3.37 | − 2.68 | 1750 | 2130 | − 0.165 | − 0.136 | |
Blue, 4861 | |||||||
0.50 | …… | …… | 2000 | 2252 | − 0.145 | − 0.128 | |
0.75 | …… | …… | 1754 | 1949 | − 0.166 | − 0.149 | |
1.00 | − 6.26 | − 6.72 | 1035 | 978 | − 0.276 | − 0.292 | |
1.50 | − 6.72 | − 6.73 | 978 | 977 | − 0.292 | − 0.292 | |
2.00 | − 6.20 | − 5.97 | 1043 | 1075 | − 0.273 | − 0.266 | |
2.50 | − 5.50 | − 4.85 | 1147 | 1273 | − 0.250 | − 0.225 | |
3.00 | − 5.98 | − 5.79 | 1073 | 1100 | − 0.267 | − 0.260 |
Spherical Aberration. (Mr. Ames.) (Vertical Meridian.)
Wave-length | Zone distance from axis, mm | Average readings (distances from focus of mirror), mm | Calculated object distances in front of eye, mm | Calculated distances behind retina where incident parallel rays cut axis, mm | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
| |||||
Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | ||
| |||||||
Red, 6563 | |||||||
0.5 | + 1.07 | + 1.76 | − 4670 | − 2730 | 0.062 | 0.107 | |
1.0 | − 0.53 | + 0.15 | 9900 | ∾ | − 0.030 | 0.000 | |
1.5 | − 1.03 | − 1.27 | 5350 | 4370 | − 0.054 | − 0.067 | |
2.0 | − 0.82 | − 1.56 | 6580 | 3540 | − 0.045 | − 0.080 | |
2.5 | − 1.36 | − 2.04 | 4070 | 2690 | − 0.072 | − 0.106 | |
3.0 | − 2.12 | − 3.02 | 2600 | 1925 | − 0.112 | − 0.151 | |
Yellow, 5893 | |||||||
0.5 | − 0.53 | − 0.41 | 9900 | 13000 | − 0.030 | − 0.022 | |
1.0 | − 2.82 | − 1.32 | 2040 | 4200 | − 0.142 | − 0.070 | |
1.5 | − 3.01 | − 2.66 | 1930 | 2150 | − 0.150 | − 0.135 | |
2.0 | − 3.31 | − 4.17 | 1775 | 1440 | − 0.163 | − 0.200 | |
2.5 | − 3.14 | − 3.57 | 1860 | 1660 | − 0.156 | − 0.174 | |
3.0 | − 4.63 | …… | 1320 | …… | − 0.217 | …… | |
Green, 5461 | |||||||
0.5 | − 1.59 | − 1.09 | 3470 | 5050 | − 0.084 | − 0.058 | |
1.0 | − 3.22 | − 3.44 | 1820 | 1715 | − 0.158 | − 0.168 | |
1.5 | − 4.82 | − 4.82 | 1275 | 1275 | − 0.225 | − 0.225 | |
2.0 | − 4.81 | − 5.35 | 1280 | 1175 | − 0.224 | − 0.244 | |
2.5 | − 4.92 | − 5.47 | 1255 | 1155 | − 0.228 | − 0.248 | |
3.0 | − 5.99 | …… | 1075 | …… | − 0.266 | …… | |
Blue, 4861 | |||||||
0.5 | − 5.24 | − 5.88 | 1193 | 1087 | − 0.240 | − 0.263 | |
1.0 | − 7.05 | − 6.31 | 940 | 1027 | − 0.303 | − 0.277 | |
1.5 | − 8.61 | − 8.04 | 807 | 848 | − 0.352 | − 0.335 | |
2.0 | − 9.09 | − 8.60 | 775 | 808 | − 0.367 | − 0.352 | |
2.5 | − 9.26 | − 7.70 | 763 | 877 | − 0.373 | − 0.325 |
Spherical Aberration. (Mr. Ames.) (Horizontal Meridian.)
Wave-length | Zone distance from axis, mm | Average readings (distances from focus of mirror), mm | Calculated object distances in front of eye, mm | Calculated distances behind retina where incident parallel rays cut axis, mm |
---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||
Red, 6563 | 0.50 | + 0.21 | ∾ | 0.000 |
0.75 | + 0.35 | − 14750 | 0.018 | |
1.00 | − 0.51 | 10300 | − 0.028 | |
1.50 | − 0.96 | 5660 | − 0.051 | |
2.00 | − 1.09 | 5050 | − 0.058 | |
2.50 | − 0.02 nasal only | ∾ | 0.000 | |
Yellow, 5893 | 0.50 | − 1.08 | 5080 | − 0.058 |
0.75 | − 0.81 | 6660 | − 0.044 | |
1.00 | − 1.61 | 3420 | − 0.086 | |
1.50 | − 2.60 | 2190 | − 0.133 | |
2.00 | − 2.35 | 2390 | − 0.122 | |
2.50 | − 1.27 nasal only | 4350 | − 0.068 | |
Green, 5461 | 0.50 | − 2.76 | 2080 | − 0.140 |
0.75 | − 2.77 | 2070 | − 0.140 | |
1.00 | − 3.70 | 1610 | − 0.180 | |
1.50 | − 4.28 | 1415 | − 0.023 | |
2.00 | − 4.32 | 1400 | − 0.205 | |
2.50 | − 2.95 nasal only | 1960 | − 0.148 | |
Yellow, 5893 (later reading) | 0.50 | − 0.50 | 10500 | − 0.027 |
0.75 | − 0.85 | 6400 | − 0.046 | |
1.00 | − 1.75 | 3150 | − 0.093 | |
1.50 | − 2.66 | 2130 | − 0.137 | |
2.00 | − 2.49 | 2270 | − 0.128 | |
2.50 | − 1.78 | 3090 | − 0.095 |
Chromatic Aberration, Accommodation Relaxed. Monochromatic Fixation.
Wavelength | Mr. Ames Fixation, λ = 6560 | Dr. Proctor Fixation, λ = 5600 | Mr. Murch Fixation, λ = 6560 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
| ||||
Average scale readings | Retina to focus, mm | Average scale readings | Retina to focus, mm | Average scale readings | Retina to focus, mm | |
| ||||||
7000 | + 0.04 | 0.000 | 3.46 | − 0.226 | − 2.24 | 0.127 |
6500 | − 0.71 | 0.038 | 2.30 | −0.147 | − 3.60 | 0.174 |
6000 | − 1.55 | 0.081 | 0.64 | − 0.037 | − 6.70 | 0.291 |
5500 | − 3.5 | 0.170 | − 0.31 | + 0.017 | − 8.30 | 0.345 |
5000 | − 5.8 | 0.260 | − 1.90 | + 0.103 | − 11.20 | 0.425 |
4650 | − 8.45 | 0.347 | − 4.81 | + 0.248 | − 14.70 | 0.508 |
Oblique Astigmatism. (Mr. Ames, Red Stimulus.)
Angular obliquity of source | Primary astigmatic field | Secondary astigmatic field | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
Average reading (distance from focus of mirror), mm | Calculated object distance, mm | Calculated image distance from retina, mm | Average readings (distance from focus of mirror), mm | Calculated object distance, mm | Calculated image distance from retina, mm | |
| ||||||
Temporal | ||||||
0° | +0.32 | −1600 | −0.018 | −1.99 | +2770 | 0.104 |
2° | −0.18 | ∾ | 0.000 | −1.06 | +5180 | 0.057 |
3° | −0.55 | +9600 | +0.030 | − 1.27 | +4350 | 0.066 |
4° | −0.58 | 9100 | 0.032 | −1.57 | +3530 | 0.082 |
5° | −0.66 | 8060 | 0.036 | −1.83 | +3000 | 0.096 |
6° | −1.06 | 5200 | 0.055 | −1.44 | +3840 | 0.075 |
7° | −1.62 | 3400 | 0.082 | −1.57 | +3530 | 0.082 |
8° | −2.38 | 2350 | 0.123 | −1.49 | +3700 | 0.078 |
9° | −2.99 | 1940 | 0.150 | −1.75 | +3140 | 0.092 |
10° | −3.96 | 1510 | 0.176 | −2.55 | +2210 | 0.129 |
11° | −4.53 | 1345 | 0.213 | −2.37 | +2370 | 0.122 |
12° | −6.26 | 1035 | 0.277 | −2.82 | +2030 | 0.142 |
13° | −7.00 | 946 | 0.302 | −3.08 | +1890 | 0.152 |
Nasal | ||||||
0° | +0.24 | −22500 | −0.014 | −1.99 | +2770 | 0.104 |
2° | +0.58 | − 7400 | −0.039 | −1.82 | +3030 | 0.095 |
3° | −0.40 | +13300 | +0.022 | −1.33 | +4170 | 0.069 |
4° | −0.77 | 7000 | 0.041 | −1.36 | +4070 | 0.071 |
5° | −1.08 | 5080 | 0.059 | −1.40 | +3950 | 0.073 |
6° | −2.02 | 2650 | 0.110 | −1.43 | +3870 | 0.075 |
7° | −1.51 | 3650 | 0.081 | −1.49 | +3700 | 0.078 |
8° | −2.21 | 2500 | 0.115 | −1.53 | +3600 | 0.080 |
9° | −2.34 | 2380 | 0.121 | −0.99 | +5540 | 0.052 |
10° | −2.56 | 2200 | 0.131 | −1.00 | +5480 | 0.053 |
11° | −3.34 | 1760 | 0.163 | −1.07 | +5140 | 0.056 |
12° | −4.49 | 1380 | 0.211 | −1.33 | +4170 | 0.069 |
13° | −4.05 | 1480 | 0.194 | −1.16 | +4750 | 0.061 |
Oblique Astigmatism. (Mr. Ames, Stimuli of Various Wave-lengths.)
(Primary Astigmatic Fields.) | |||||||||||||
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Angular obliquity of source | Red (λ6563) | Yellow (λ5893) | Green (λ5461) | Blue (λ4861) | |||||||||
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Average readings, mm | Object distance, mm | Image distance, mm | Average readings, mm | Object distance, mm | Image distance, mm | Average readings, mm | Object distance, mm | Image distance, mm | Average readings, mm | Object distance, mm | Image distance, mm | ||
| |||||||||||||
Temporal | |||||||||||||
0° | −0.045 | 286000 | 0.001 | −5.70 | 3000 | 0.095 | −8.93 | 2000 | 0.144 | −18.40 | 1100 | 0.260 | |
2° | 1.39 | 11500 | 0.026 | …… | …. | …. | 10.11 | 1800 | 0.161 | 21.45 | 980 | 0.291 | |
3° | ….. | ….. | …. | 6.03 | 2840 | 0.101 | …. | …. | …. | …. | …. | …. | |
4° | 1.60 | 10100 | 0.029 | 6.90 | 2520 | 0.115 | 10.62 | 1730 | 0.167 | 23.15 | 928 | 0.308 | |
6° | 5.97 | 2880 | 0.101 | 8.45 | 2090 | 0.138 | 12.04 | 1550 | 0.185 | 25.10 | 877 | 0.325 | |
8° | 8.98 | 1990 | 0.144 | 11.76 | 1570 | 0.184 | 16.40 | 1200 | 0.239 | 28.55 | 805 | 0.353 | |
10° | 11.0 | 1660 | 0.173 | 14.75 | 1310 | 0.221 | 21.52 | 978 | 0.292 | 33.20 | 732 | 0.388 | |
12° | 15.4 | 1260 | 0.226 | 17.31 | 1150 | 0.249 | 27.62 | 824 | 0.346 | 41.50 | 669 | 0.426 | |
14° | Readings prevented by blind spot. | ||||||||||||
16° | |||||||||||||
18° | |||||||||||||
20° | 21.8 | 967 | 0.294 | 22.75 | 939 | 0.304 | 40.66 | 656 | 0.432 | 46.90 | 644 | 0.430 | |
Nasal | |||||||||||||
0° | −0.045 | 286000 | 0.001 | −5.70 | 3000 | 0.095 | −8.93 | 2000 | 0.144 | −18.40 | 1100 | 0.260 | |
2° | 0.92 | 17100 | 0.017 | ….. | …. | …. | …… | ….. | ….. | 19.7 | 1040 | 0.274 | |
3° | ….. | ….. | …. | 6.35 | 2720 | 0.107 | 10.26 | 1780 | 0.162 | ||||
4° | 2.93 | 5590 | 0.052 | 7.23 | 2420 | 0.119 | 10.61 | 1730 | 0.167 | 20.7 | 1010 | 0.285 | |
6° | 3.76 | 4410 | 0.066 | 9.03 | 1970 | 0.147 | 13.40 | 1420 | 0.202 | 23.6 | 914 | 0.302 | |
8° | 4.65 | 3610 | 0.081 | 9.48 | 1890 | 0.153 | 14.54 | 1320 | 0.216 | 25.0 | 880 | 0.324 | |
10° | 7.00 | 2490 | 0.115 | 11.01 | 1660 | 0.173 | 15.87 | 1230 | 0.233 | 25.3 | 872 | 0.327 | |
12° | 8.36 | 2110 | 0.135 | 12.11 | 1530 | 0.187 | 17.17 | 1160 | 0.247 | 29.3 | 792 | 0.359 | |
14° | 11.52 | 1590 | 0.182 | 15.02 | 1290 | 0.224 | 21.71 | 964 | 0.296 | 30.9 | 765 | 0.372 | |
16° | 13.13 | 1430 | 0.201 | 17.95 | 1120 | 0.255 | 25.65 | 864 | 0.330 | 37.9 | 678 | 0.428 | |
18° | 16.05 | 1220 | 0.235 | 17.19 | 1160 | 0.247 | 29.43 | 792 | 0.359 | 38.3 | 674 | 0.430 | |
20° | 18.10 | 1110 | 0.258 | 24.63 | 888 | 0.322 | 28.95 | 800 | 0.356 | 45.0 | 652 | 0.434 | |
| |||||||||||||
(Secondary Astigmatic Fields.) | |||||||||||||
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Temporal | |||||||||||||
0° | −4.11 | 4030 | 0.072 | −10.93 | 1670 | 0.172 | −15.12 | 1310 | 0.218 | −27.10 | 834 | 0.342 | |
2° | 2.52 | 6450 | 0.045 | 9.64 | 1860 | 0.161 | 12.99 | 1440 | 0.199 | 23.95 | 906 | 0.315 | |
4° | 2.42 | 6710 | 0.043 | 9.86 | 1830 | 0.158 | 13.97 | 1360 | 0.210 | 23.80 | 909 | 0.314 | |
6° | 3.47 | 4760 | 0.061 | 9.78 | 1840 | 0.156 | 14.91 | 1290 | 0.221 | 23.52 | 917 | 0.311 | |
8° | 5.11 | 3300 | 0.087 | 11.54 | 1590 | 0.180 | 17.11 | 1160 | 0.247 | 25.25 | 875 | 0.326 | |
10° | 6.17 | 2790 | 0.104 | 14.17 | 1350 | 0.213 | 19.67 | 1040 | 0.274 | 31.92 | 750 | 0.379 | |
12° | 7.50 | 2340 | 0.123 | 17.01 | 1170 | 0.246 | 21.84 | 967 | 0.298 | 31.75 | 753 | 0.378 | |
14° | Readings prevented by blind spot. | ||||||||||||
16° | |||||||||||||
18° | |||||||||||||
20° | 3.97 | 4180 | 0.069 | 13.61 | 1390 | 0.206 | 19.57 | 1050 | 0.272 | 27.05 | 835 | 0.341 | |
Nasal | |||||||||||||
0° | 4.11 | 4030 | 0.072 | −10.93 | 1670 | 0.172 | −15.12 | 1310 | 0.218 | −27.1 | 834 | 0.342 | |
2° | 2.94 | 5590 | 0.052 | 9.86 | 1830 | 0.158 | 13.38 | 1410 | 0.203 | 25.9 | 860 | 0.331 | |
4° | 2.84 | 5750 | 0.050 | 10.03 | 1800 | 0.160 | 14.20 | 1340 | 0.214 | 25.1 | 877 | 0.325 | |
6° | 3.64 | 4550 | 0.064 | 9.73 | 1850 | 0.156 | 14.01 | 1360 | 0.211 | 26.5 | 846 | 0.337 | |
8° | 3.30 | 4980 | 0.058 | 10.15 | 1780 | 0.162 | 13.92 | 1370 | 0.210 | 25.2 | 875 | 0.324 | |
10° | 3.38 | 4890 | 0.059 | 11.61 | 1580 | 0.181 | 15.10 | 1280 | 0.224 | 24.9 | 881 | 0.321 | |
12° | 4.27 | 3920 | 0.074 | 11.90 | 1550 | 0.185 | 15.33 | 1260 | 0.227 | 26.9 | 838 | 0.340 | |
14° | 4.42 | 3790 | 0.076 | 12.53 | 1490 | 0.193 | 17.39 | 1150 | 0.250 | 27.3 | 830 | 0.343 | |
16° | 5.37 | 3150 | 0.093 | 12.52 | 1490 | 0.193 | 17.94 | 1120 | 0.255 | 24.5 | 890 | 0.320 | |
18° | 5.74 | 2990 | 0.097 | 8.15 | 2160 | 0.133 | 16.67 | 1180 | 0.242 | 22.9 | 935 | 0.305 | |
20° | 4.28 | 3890 | 0.074 | 7.39 | 2370 | 0.122 | 14.06 | 1360 | 0.212 | 21.1 | 992 | 0.288 |
Oblique Astigmatism. (Mr. Ames, with Improved Apparatus.)
Angular obliquity of source | Primary astigmatic field | Secondary astigmatic field | ||||
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Average readings, mm | Object distance, mm | Image distance, mm | Average readings, mm | Object distance, mm | Image distance, mm | |
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Temporal | ||||||
0° | −11.9 | 1326 | 0.216 | −14.7 | 1070 | 0.269 |
5° | 13.3 | 1190 | 0.229 | 15.4 | 1026 | 0.252 |
10° | 20.2 | 791 | 0.360 | 17.7 | 890 | 0.320 |
20° | 26.1 | 606 | 0.476 | 18.6 | 847 | 0.336 |
Nasal | ||||||
0° | 11.9 | 1326 | 0.216 | 14.7 | 1070 | 0.269 |
5° | ||||||
10° | 17.8 | 895 | 0.319 | 14.25 | 1102 | 0.259 |
20° | 20.8 | 758 | 0.375 | 11.6 | 1348 | 0.213 |