Abstract
This review article is dedicated to the late Professor Hermann A. Haus.
The noise of linear amplifiers is discussed in terms of the fundamental law of quantum mechanics and is analyzed using an electrical circuit model. The operational principles of two types of amplifiers-negative conductance amplifier and nonlinear susceptance amplifier-are studied with a special emphasis on those at optical frequencies. The application of such optical amplifiers to optical telecommunication systems is reviewed.
© 2003 IEEE
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