Abstract
Nondestructive analyses using a quadrupole inductively coupled plasma–mass
spectrometer (ICP-QMS) and polarizing, multi-target, energy dispersive X-ray
fluorescence (PEDXRF) with three-dimensional optics were conducted on Judean coins
from the first century BCE and CE to determine the efficacy and limits of these
methods for numismatic analyses of coins with a patina. Comparisons with destructive
analyses and literature databases demonstrate their value even when corrosion is
present. An outstanding question about the dating of Herod Agrippa I or II “canopy”
coins that has significance to Biblical historians is used as a case study. Multiple
lines of evidence attribute this coin to Agrippa I, with a date of 41 to 45 CE,
produced using Faynan (Feinan), Jordan, and Cyprus ores.
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