William E. Mulberry and Robert H. Stavn, "Extracting mineral effects on ultraviolet penetration and its effects in coastal and inland waters: a Monte Carlo study," Appl. Opt. 50, 6409-6423 (2011)
A factor significantly affecting the ultraviolet (UV) radiation’s interactions with the aquatic environ ment is the concentration of suspended sediment. We utilize data on UV penetration, absorption, and scattering in Lake Biwa, Japan, reported by Belzile et al. [Limnol. Oceanogr. 47, 95 (2002)], to drive Monte Carlo simulations of UV penetration. We generated Monte Carlo models (2 billion photons per simulation) of four stations reported by Belzile et al.: two low sediment stations and two high sediment stations. New modes are proposed for analyzing UV penetration and dosage factors for aquatic organisms in sediment dominated aquatic environments.
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Optical Properties of the Turbid and Clear Stations in Lake Biwa, Japan, at the Wavelengths of , , , , , and a
NS9
Akanoi Bay
NS5
EW6
9.000
7.439
0.874
0.756
10.937
8.877
0.992
0.876
12.456
10.143
1.132
1.008
13.718
11.149
1.232
1.105
14.459
11.739
1.289
1.162
14.800
12.230
1.304
1.185
0.269
0.423
0.125
0.107
1.042
1.973
0.283
0.237
2.542
6.339
0.596
0.480
3.266
8.576
0.947
0.850
3.143
8.385
1.289
0.969
4.706
11.100
1.476
1.401
10.5
4.5
3.5
3.7
4.9
1.6
1.9
2.1
4.2
1.3
1.3
1.3
4.6
1.4
1.0
1.2
3.1
1.1
0.9
0.8
The visible wavelengths represent wavelengths used to make the extrapolations into the UV range. The scattering coefficients are represented as and the absorption coefficients are represented as . The derived ratios are unitless.
Table 2
Comparison of the Measured and Values from the Four Stations in Lake Biwa, Japan, with Values Derived from Monte Carlo Simulations, Utilizing the SDBH Volume Scattering Function and the Inorganic Particle VSF’sa
λ (nm)
() Measured
() Simulated
SDBH VSF
VSF
VSF
VSF
NS9
380
4.16
4.9
4.3439
4.9563
5.9832
6.3460
340
5.74
4.2
5.2343
5.8515
7.1090
7.5254
320
6.96
4.6
5.0630
5.6697
6.9355
7.3430
306
8.09
3.1
5.7048
6.3621
7.6505
8.1575
AkanoiBay
380
7.57
1.6
8.1572
8.8374
10.2165
10.6738
340
11.49
1.3
10.4176
11.1256
12.5671
13.1905
320
14.03
1.4
10.1035
10.8730
12.3778
12.9045
306
14.54
1.1
11.9955
12.7498
14.4049
14.9418
NS5
380
0.64
1.9
0.7917
0.9446
0.9890
1.0335
340
0.98
1.3
1.2282
1.2136
1.3653
1.4156
320
1.32
1.0
1.4653
1.5454
1.7862
1.7580
306
1.76
0.9
1.7504
1.9135
2.0794
2.1386
EW6
380
0.53
2.1
0.7531
0.7014
0.8190
0.8566
340
0.84
1.3
1.1035
1.0851
1.2248
1.2705
320
1.18
1.2
1.2040
1.1924
1.3371
1.4608
306
1.62
0.8
1.3563
1.3507
1.5051
1.6521
Simulation values in bold indicate good agreement with measured data. Simulation values in bold and italic indicate significant overestimate. External light field condition: clear sky with field solar zenith angles.
Table 3
Comparison of the Mean Photon Pathlength Values and Values in Ultraviolet for the Four Stations in Lake Biwa, Japana
λ (nm)
Field Measure
SDBH VSF
VSF
VSF
VSF
NS9
380
1.64
1.7088
1.7538
1.9497
2.0008
2.3537
2.4155
2.4964
2.5621
340
1.78
1.6026
1.6946
1.7915
1.8943
2.1765
2.3015
2.3040
2.4366
320
2.21
1.6107
1.7370
1.8038
1.9451
2.2065
2.3793
2.3361
2.5195
306
1.91
1.3491
1.6759
1.5046
1.8692
1.8092
2.2477
1.9291
2.3964
AkanoiBay
380
1.19
1.2868
1.3245
1.3940
1.4331
1.6116
1.6567
1.6837
1.7310
340
1.34
1.2147
1.2855
1.2973
1.3729
1.4654
1.5533
1.5380
1.6276
320
1.67
1.2049
1.2995
1.2967
1.3986
1.4762
1.5921
1.5390
1.6600
306
0.87
0.7162
1.2723
0.7612
1.3523
0.8600
1.5279
0.8921
1.5848
NS5
380
1.07
1.3288
1.3976
1.5855
1.6658
1.6600
1.7443
1.7347
1.8225
340
1.03
1.2960
1.4196
1.2806
1.4027
1.4407
1.5780
1.4937
1.6396
320
1.02
1.1368
1.2760
1.1989
1.3459
1.3857
1.5555
1.3638
1.5309
306
1.21
1.2081
1.2538
1.3207
1.3704
1.4352
1.4894
1.4760
1.5319
EW6
380
1.10
1.5315
1.5959
1.4613
1.5228
1.7063
1.7781
1.7846
1.8598
340
0.99
1.2982
1.4033
1.2766
1.3801
1.4409
1.5576
1.4947
1.6158
320
1.22
1.2434
1.3755
1.2314
1.3624
1.3808
1.5277
1.5086
1.6692
306
1.17
1.0137
1.3435
1.0095
1.3380
1.1249
1.4910
1.2146
1.6098
Field measures of compared to simulation values of and mean photon pathlengths. Simulation values in bold indicate good agreement with measured values. External light field conditions: clear sky with field solar zenith angles.
Tables (3)
Table 1
Optical Properties of the Turbid and Clear Stations in Lake Biwa, Japan, at the Wavelengths of , , , , , and a
NS9
Akanoi Bay
NS5
EW6
9.000
7.439
0.874
0.756
10.937
8.877
0.992
0.876
12.456
10.143
1.132
1.008
13.718
11.149
1.232
1.105
14.459
11.739
1.289
1.162
14.800
12.230
1.304
1.185
0.269
0.423
0.125
0.107
1.042
1.973
0.283
0.237
2.542
6.339
0.596
0.480
3.266
8.576
0.947
0.850
3.143
8.385
1.289
0.969
4.706
11.100
1.476
1.401
10.5
4.5
3.5
3.7
4.9
1.6
1.9
2.1
4.2
1.3
1.3
1.3
4.6
1.4
1.0
1.2
3.1
1.1
0.9
0.8
The visible wavelengths represent wavelengths used to make the extrapolations into the UV range. The scattering coefficients are represented as and the absorption coefficients are represented as . The derived ratios are unitless.
Table 2
Comparison of the Measured and Values from the Four Stations in Lake Biwa, Japan, with Values Derived from Monte Carlo Simulations, Utilizing the SDBH Volume Scattering Function and the Inorganic Particle VSF’sa
λ (nm)
() Measured
() Simulated
SDBH VSF
VSF
VSF
VSF
NS9
380
4.16
4.9
4.3439
4.9563
5.9832
6.3460
340
5.74
4.2
5.2343
5.8515
7.1090
7.5254
320
6.96
4.6
5.0630
5.6697
6.9355
7.3430
306
8.09
3.1
5.7048
6.3621
7.6505
8.1575
AkanoiBay
380
7.57
1.6
8.1572
8.8374
10.2165
10.6738
340
11.49
1.3
10.4176
11.1256
12.5671
13.1905
320
14.03
1.4
10.1035
10.8730
12.3778
12.9045
306
14.54
1.1
11.9955
12.7498
14.4049
14.9418
NS5
380
0.64
1.9
0.7917
0.9446
0.9890
1.0335
340
0.98
1.3
1.2282
1.2136
1.3653
1.4156
320
1.32
1.0
1.4653
1.5454
1.7862
1.7580
306
1.76
0.9
1.7504
1.9135
2.0794
2.1386
EW6
380
0.53
2.1
0.7531
0.7014
0.8190
0.8566
340
0.84
1.3
1.1035
1.0851
1.2248
1.2705
320
1.18
1.2
1.2040
1.1924
1.3371
1.4608
306
1.62
0.8
1.3563
1.3507
1.5051
1.6521
Simulation values in bold indicate good agreement with measured data. Simulation values in bold and italic indicate significant overestimate. External light field condition: clear sky with field solar zenith angles.
Table 3
Comparison of the Mean Photon Pathlength Values and Values in Ultraviolet for the Four Stations in Lake Biwa, Japana
λ (nm)
Field Measure
SDBH VSF
VSF
VSF
VSF
NS9
380
1.64
1.7088
1.7538
1.9497
2.0008
2.3537
2.4155
2.4964
2.5621
340
1.78
1.6026
1.6946
1.7915
1.8943
2.1765
2.3015
2.3040
2.4366
320
2.21
1.6107
1.7370
1.8038
1.9451
2.2065
2.3793
2.3361
2.5195
306
1.91
1.3491
1.6759
1.5046
1.8692
1.8092
2.2477
1.9291
2.3964
AkanoiBay
380
1.19
1.2868
1.3245
1.3940
1.4331
1.6116
1.6567
1.6837
1.7310
340
1.34
1.2147
1.2855
1.2973
1.3729
1.4654
1.5533
1.5380
1.6276
320
1.67
1.2049
1.2995
1.2967
1.3986
1.4762
1.5921
1.5390
1.6600
306
0.87
0.7162
1.2723
0.7612
1.3523
0.8600
1.5279
0.8921
1.5848
NS5
380
1.07
1.3288
1.3976
1.5855
1.6658
1.6600
1.7443
1.7347
1.8225
340
1.03
1.2960
1.4196
1.2806
1.4027
1.4407
1.5780
1.4937
1.6396
320
1.02
1.1368
1.2760
1.1989
1.3459
1.3857
1.5555
1.3638
1.5309
306
1.21
1.2081
1.2538
1.3207
1.3704
1.4352
1.4894
1.4760
1.5319
EW6
380
1.10
1.5315
1.5959
1.4613
1.5228
1.7063
1.7781
1.7846
1.8598
340
0.99
1.2982
1.4033
1.2766
1.3801
1.4409
1.5576
1.4947
1.6158
320
1.22
1.2434
1.3755
1.2314
1.3624
1.3808
1.5277
1.5086
1.6692
306
1.17
1.0137
1.3435
1.0095
1.3380
1.1249
1.4910
1.2146
1.6098
Field measures of compared to simulation values of and mean photon pathlengths. Simulation values in bold indicate good agreement with measured values. External light field conditions: clear sky with field solar zenith angles.