John A. Caird, M. D. Shinn, T. A. Kirchoff, L. K. Smith, and R. E. Wilder, "Measurements of losses and lasing efficiency in GSGG:Cr, Nd and YAG:Nd laser rods," Appl. Opt. 25, 4294-4305 (1986)
Laser rods procured from four different vendors were examined to assess the state of the art in GSGG: Cr,Nd crystal growth. Measurement techniques included spectrophotometry (for absorption loss), interferometry (for distortion), polarimetry (for birefringence), and laser resonator insertion. Free running laser efficiency measurements were also performed. The level of losses characteristic of currently available GSGG:Cr,Nd laser rods was generally found to be much higher than that of commercially grown YAG:Nd. The intrinsic lasing efficiency of the co-doped GSGG rods, however, was typically found to exceed that of the YAG:Nd rods by more than a factor of 2.
Johannes A. L’huillier, Gunter Bitz, Volker Wesemann, Patric von Loewis of Menar, Richard Wallenstein, Annette Borsutzky, Lothar Ackermann, Klaus Dupré, Daniel Rytz, and Sophie Vernay Appl. Opt. 41(21) 4377-4384 (2002)
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GGG, active Cr addition, heavy iridium inclusions, deep interface
Based on 8 cations per crystal formula unit.
Calculated assuming distribution coefficients of 1.0 for Cr and 0.65 for Nd.11
We assume the crystal grower substituted Cr for Sc in this stoichiometric formula.
Assumes Cr distribution coefficient is 3.5 in GGG.
Table II
Results of Interferometry and Birefringence Measurements
YAG:Nd rods.
GGG:Cr,Nd rod.
Intense absorption prevented measurement.
Table IV
Laser Resonator Insertion Loss (Findlay-Clay) and Free Running Laser Efficiency Measurements. Estimates of Intrinsic Slope Efficiency were Calculated using Eq. (7)
GGG, active Cr addition, heavy iridium inclusions, deep interface
Based on 8 cations per crystal formula unit.
Calculated assuming distribution coefficients of 1.0 for Cr and 0.65 for Nd.11
We assume the crystal grower substituted Cr for Sc in this stoichiometric formula.
Assumes Cr distribution coefficient is 3.5 in GGG.
Table II
Results of Interferometry and Birefringence Measurements
YAG:Nd rods.
GGG:Cr,Nd rod.
Intense absorption prevented measurement.
Table IV
Laser Resonator Insertion Loss (Findlay-Clay) and Free Running Laser Efficiency Measurements. Estimates of Intrinsic Slope Efficiency were Calculated using Eq. (7)